Detection of targets in clutter.

Detection of targets in clutter The polarization diversity and spillover of target energy to consecutive range bins are jointly exploited to enhance the performance of target detection. Detection of Low Observable Targets Within Sea Clutter by Structure Function Based Multifractal Analysis Jing Hu, Wen-Wen Tung, and Jianbo Gao, Member, IEEE Abstract—Sea clutter is the backscattered returns from a patch of the sea surface illuminated by a radar pulse. Birds Jul 21, 2014 · It is always a challenging problem for marine surface surveillance radar to detect sea-surface floating small targets. This Modeling the detection performance of a target in clutter requires models for the power of the target p r, clutter p c, and noise p n. Probability of detection, probability of false alarm and speed of this step directly affect other steps in the pipeline. This paper attempts to use a spaceborne SAR system to detect and image moving targets in the air for the first time. Jun 1, 2010 · After clutter rejection and target detection, we describe a series of multi-look velocity estimation methods. 12260, 2022. However, the ability to detect small objects has yet to achieve the same level of performance. 3. The saliency extraction method can highlight potential targets from background clutter. It is proven that the upper bound of SCR gain is greater than Fast Dual Trifeature-Based Detection of Small Targets in Sea Clutter by Using Median Normalized Doppler Amplitude Spectra Abstract: High-resolution sea-surface surveillance radars are designed to find two classes of small targets, low-velocity and floating small targets on the sea surface and low-altitude small targets over the sea surface. Based on the compound Gaussian model, several clutter distributions have been proposed to model the non-Gaussian clutter. As radar systems improve, they are able to undertake more detailed analysis of the returns from targets and clutter. However, signals reflected from vessels are concealed by sea clutter in the Doppler spectrum, where such detections are performed. A machine learning based processor, associating the artificial neural network (ANN) and a clustering Radar target detection in the sea clutter background has a wide range of applications and important practi - cal value in military and civilian scenes, and is still developing. We segment the input two-dimensional radar echo data into real and imaginary parts and treat it as multi-channel two-dimensional data similar to image data, so we use a convolutional neural network as Jan 1, 2022 · Detection of small target in sea clutter based on spatio-temporal chaos analysisOptics and Precision. A. Many studies have been conducted on the design of CFAR, but previous Mar 1, 2024 · Detection of small targets on the sea surface based on real radar data is a hard but essential topic in many fields []. Xu et al. The purpose of this paper is to improve the detection performance affected by target masking effect in multitarget scenarios for K-distributed sea clutter. Our focus is on applications that require the accurate detection and localization of small moving objects that are distant from the sensor Feb 27, 2025 · Traditional detection and tracking methods struggle with the complex and dynamic maritime environment due to their poor generalization capabilities. We run this polarimetric test against synthetic and real data to assess its performance in comparison with existing polarimetric detectors. In this article, we propose a novel 3-D target detection algorithm that effectively identifies vessel targets in sea clutter using multidimensional fusion features. We show that for target Jul 19, 2004 · Sea clutter in marine surveillance radar makes the task of detecting small targets a very challenging problem. The OS-CFAR detector estimates the interference power by properly selecting an adaptive ordered statistic Jun 1, 2023 · For example, McIntosh et al. (2022) Xu, S. Tugac et al presented the HMM based on target detection method that avoids any thresholding at any stage of the detection process. The clutter echo received by radar is usually strong and heterogeneous when the radar works in a complex terrain environment, resulting in performance degradation in moving target detection. In order to quantify the effect of clutter on the probability of detection, we must first specify sets of models suitable for representing the clutter and target. Apr 1, 2011 · Since the conventional detection strategies established against Gaussian clutter may suffer performance loss in compound Gaussian situations, the study of adaptive detection problem of range-spread targets in compound Gaussian clutter is very important. changing the parameter λ). 49 (2001) 1336–1348. 3, should be tested and assessed against a benchmark target, as specified in the Test Standard. To protect your privacy Coherent Multilook Radar Detection for Targets in KK-Distributed Clutter Graham V. . Row-directional-local background removal filter in heterogeneous background. Feb 1, 2008 · Citation: Wiederman SD, Shoemaker PA, O’Carroll DC (2008) A Model for the Detection of Moving Targets in Visu al Clutter Inspired by Insect Physiology. We propose a network that optimizes a “target to clutter ratio” (TCR) metric defined as the ratio of the output energies produced by the network in response to targets and clutter. Fourth, moving small targets exhibit varying movement speeds and target scales, which are likely to undermine the stability of the detection algorithm, leading to a higher rate of false alarms. These include signal averaging, time-frequency representation Aug 11, 2022 · In the complex and changeable marine environment, it is difficult to achieve high-performance detection based on statistical theory for small sea surface detectors in practical applications. The detection probability versus the signal-to-clutter power ratio, having as parameters the probability of false alarm and the clutter skewness, is evaluated for a number of processed pulses. CoRR abs/2311. The constant false alarm rate (CFAR) method is more effective for target recognition and has better control over the false alarm rate. Signal Process. We design the Rao, Wald, and generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detectors according to the two-step method: the first step is to obtain the Rao, Wald tests and GLRT on the assumption that the texture or/and covariance matrix structure are known; then the Jun 1, 2024 · Detecting weak targets efficiently in the presence of complicated sea clutter is always an issue for maritime radar [1]. They employ coherent processing to reject main-beam clutter, enhance tar-get detection, and aid in target discrimination or classification. 1 lists typical applications 1^0 and requirements. Aug 1, 2014 · The aim of a typical radar problem is to determine whether or not a target is present in an individual range cell. PLoS ONE 3(7): e2784. Unfortunately, conventional detection methods are often limited to complex marine environment and low signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). Apr 20, 2025 · Maintaining a Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) in the presence of K-distributed sea clutter is vital due to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of maritime environments. Image sequences of widely varied ground-clutter types were recorded with the Airborne Infrared Imager (AIRI), housed in a wing pod of the Airborne Seeker Test Bed (ASTB) aircraft. The sky scene background clutter is described by fractal random field, and it is perceived and eliminated via the sparse representation on fractal September 4, 2006 20:51 00321 188 J. Nov 1, 2024 · In 2009, he joined the Faculty with the School of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, where he is currently a Full Professor. However, it’s hard to build an effective detectors as marine radar echoes are buried in the sea clutter in the process of target detection. Introduction 1. The detection of targets in infra-red imagery is a challeng-ing problem which involves locating small targets in heavily cluttered environments while maintaining a low false alarm rate. Feb 12, 2025 · Target detection in Gaussian or compound-Gaussian clutter emerges as a particularly pertinent issue for a radar system. Sea clutter at low grazing angles and/or from high-resolution radars usually exhibits spikiness, which implies that the amplitude distribution of clutter has a heavier tail than the Rayleigh distribution [1]. The block-adaptive and subband adaptive coherent detection can implement the long-time coherent integration for targets of constant radial velocity [5, 6]. The key task of the dim small target detection in clutter background is detecting the real target region from the clutter background fast and efficiently. The radar returns from small targets, like submarine periscope or small boats, will be obscured by the sea clutter which makes the straightforward detection of targets, with small radar cross section, a difficult task. Jan 1, 2022 · Amid radar target detection fields, the detection of small floating targets in sea clutter is a tough but crucial task. In many cases, this is partly obviated by using detection with correlated reference scenes [1, 2]. The performance of the radar detection methods under sea clutter, multipath, and combined conditions is categorized and summarized, and future research directions are outlined to enhance Mar 1, 2018 · Infrared small target detection is widely applied in practical infrared imaging systems, especially in remote sensing and surveillance. Three phase features, which correspond to Sep 6, 2022 · The clutter background in modern radar target detection is complex and changeable. Infrared small targets usually occupy a few pixels in images, and lack textural information. The Jul 26, 2023 · For radar target detection, from a global perspective, the network can recognize the overall noise level of the current echo and avoid misjudging the strong sea clutter echo as a sea target Dec 5, 2019 · For K-distributed sea clutter, a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) is crucial as a desired property for automatic target detection in an unknown and non-stationary background. By associating the advantages of ANN and Aug 31, 2020 · In this paper, an Integrated Network (INet) for clutter suppression and target detection algorithm is proposed and designed to optimize the signals received from the targets. It proposes a detection and tracking method surface small targets detection, where the feature vectors of sea clutter plus radar returns of targets under test are used as training samples. 3 Probability of Detection for Swerling-1 Targets 28 5. 1 False-Alarm Probability 20 4. First, to evaluate the effectiveness of the preprocessing system, the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) gain of preprocessing system is proposed as its performance metric. May 1, 2018 · In order to find weak target returns from spiky sea clutter, radars adopt high spatial resolution to lower clutter power and long beam dwelling time to increase the integration gain of target returns [1,2]. The approach works accurately and efficiently, with low false alarm. This paper analyzes the spatial–temporal appearance characteristics of small targets and sea clutter. The simplest and most common model for clutter is based on the gamma May 14, 2025 · Additionally, the authors incorporated a small target detection head with a reduced receptive field. Jun 1, 2024 · Considering that clutter behaves in long-time nonstationarity and target returns have complex amplitude and Doppler modulations [11], traditional target detection methods make it difficult to model sea clutter and target returns as simple and easily processed parametric models. 193-199. Jun 29, 2024 · Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can detect moving targets on the ground/sea, and high-resolution imaging on the ground/sea has critical applications in both military and civilian fields. These approaches work well and show better velocity estimation than single look methods in real scenarios. We design the Rao, Wald, and generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detectors according to the two-step method: the first step is to obtain the Rao, Wald tests and GLRT on the assumption that the texture or/and covariance matrix structure are known; then the Sea clutter is the backscattered returns from a patch of the sea surface illuminated by a radar pulse. Any drone can be placed under surveillance to accurately determine its position by collecting high-resolution data using various detectors such as the radar system proposed Sep 1, 2017 · A novel infrared small target detection method based on sky clutter and target sparse representation is proposed in this paper to cope with the representing uncertainty of clutter and target. Apr 1, 2024 · There are several ways to deal with long-time integration of weak target returns in sea clutter. 2] X. The sea-clutter and target detection models are then used to analyse the probability of false alarm, P fa, probability of detection, P d and the minimum detectable radar cross section (RCS) for a given Deep convolutional neural networks can achieve remarkable results for detecting and recognizing large- and medium-sized objects in visible band color images. Feb 1, 2025 · The target detection in heterogeneous clutter and thermal noise is studied in [14] by utilizing the expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm. Jul 9, 2024 · Before discriminating between non-cooperative targets, ground clutter is suppressed using moving target detection (MTD) . , Zhou, H. However, detecting small targets within heavy sea clutter environments remains challenging. These detected targets may include clutter also. The compound Gaussian model is Dec 1, 2024 · As the range resolution improves and, in particular, at low grazing angles, radar systems tend to detect more target-like spikes. systems, MIMO systems, moving target detection, detection in clutter, detection using SAR images, detection based on the pulse parameters. The dataset utilized in their research was the publicly accessible infrared dim-small airplane target dataset provided by Liu et al. The theory of local frequency-tuned based saliency extraction is proposed. This article considers the target detection problem using limited labeled samples in the nonhomogeneous sea clutter environment and proposes an effective method of radar visual representations via contrastive learning and its application on target detection. The background processing module segments an input image into sky, horizon and sea region using the sensor pose information and image processing. However, the detection of the target chest’s range bin is easily influenced by various clutters and interferences, posing numerous challenges to vital signs detection, particularly in scenarios involving multiple targets This paper proposes an anti-clutter Jun 1, 2021 · The single-frame detection strategy can be roughly classified as two main categories. Aug 1, 2023 · In this paper, we considered the problem of adaptive radar detection in compound-Gaussian clutter where the target is distributed in the range domain and modeled by a subspace signal. Nov 20, 2024 · Moving target detection is one of the most important tasks of radar systems. Based on the data available to us, the accuracy of these methods is close to 100%. To address this issue, this letter proposed a novel small Jan 1, 2012 · Presenting a novel mathematical method for incoming target detection. Moreover, the problem of detecting the range-spread target, which is also called the distributed target, in the non-Gaussian background is considered in [16]. NUMERICAL RESULTS 20 4. Based on the CG characteristics of sea clutter, the texture component is employed to characterize the clutter ensemble during each closed-loop feedback and its estimation can be used for the next transmitted waveform design. The Bhattachayya distances [23] of the empirical probability density functions (pdf) of each Hurst exponent at clutter-only cells and the cell with target for each dataset are plotted in Fig. Consequently, differences between these features in the Doppler domain cannot be readily observed, which greatly increases the difficulty in detecting Feb 1, 2024 · Because of the complex time and spatial correlation characteristics of sea clutter, target detection under complex non-uniform sea clutter and low signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR; the ratio of the intensity of the received true signal to that of the clutter interference) conditions severely constrain the radar detection performance [2], [3], [4 Feb 1, 2021 · As an application example, the proposed FDA radar model with DS consideration is used for blind-Doppler target detection in mainlobe clutters. In this article, we focus on the design of coherent detectors in compound-Gaussian clutter using a nonlinear preprocessing system followed by the matched filter (MF). In most ISTD datasets, more Jan 1, 2023 · In feature-based detection of small targets in sea clutter, there have existed many salient features, including the normalized Hurst exponent (NHE) [10], the all - dimensional Jan 1, 2020 · The non-Gaussian clutter’s amplitude has large fluctuation and heavy tail. 2 Clutter Varying From Scan-to-Scan but Target Varying From Pulse-to-Pulse (Swerling-2 Target) 15 3. Proposed Small Target Detection with Region-Wise Clutter Rejection. 1. Oct 12, 1988 · targets. Utilizing prior knowledge of the clutter distribution in the space–time domain, this paper proposes a novel moving target Nov 1, 2022 · An important reason for existing space-based IR target detection methods usually leading to missed detections or false alarms is that clutter on the space-based IR image is much stronger than the target, as shown in Figs. Watts detection algorithm for correlated clutter with a modification to make the technique robust for high clutter to noise ratios. Figure 1. May 1, 2018 · Under the pre-set detection threshold, different false alarm rates are achieved by changing the occurrence density of false target-like sea clutter (i. Cooperation of multiple features is a recognized way to distinguish Dec 15, 2023 · Infrared small target detection plays a crucial role in maritime security. We introduce the structure function based The detection of targets in infra-red imagery is a challenging problem which involves locating small targets in heavily cluttered environments while maintaining a low false alarm rate. multiple-target CFAR detection in K-distributed sea clutter. There is active interest in the development of algorithms for detecting weak stationary optical and IR targets in a heavy opticalclutter background. The proposed small target detection consists of background processing and target processing, as shown in Figure 5. In recent years, with the advancements in radar technology towards higher frequencies and ultra wideband Jun 17, 2024 · Traditional radar target detectors, which are model-driven, often suffer remarkable performance degradation in complex clutter environments due to the weakness in modeling the unpredictable clutter. Conte, A. When detection is carried out in the nonstationary background environment including noise, clutter, and jamming signals, a fixed thresholding detection scheme cannot be applied, since they might result in an excessive number of false alarms or missing of some targets. This report introduces a new approach for the detection of maneuvering air targets in sea-clutter using the time-frequency analysis and its eigenvalue decomposition. Jan 6, 2022 · We consider the detection problem of maritime radar targets in the training-sample-starved and non-Gaussian sea clutter environment. It consists of a set of filters: Doppler filter; CFAR Jun 1, 2022 · Compared with other feature-based target detection methods, such as those based on the shapes and sizes of target and clutter blocks [19, 20], the clutter-proximity feature is more robust and effective in detecting and identifying slowly moving targets. The performance of classical detectors based on parametric statistical modeling methods is often degraded due to model mismatch. Both the log-normal and contaminated-normal distributions are proposed and yield a fairly good description of some experimental data. Engineering, 26 (01) (2018), pp. The algorithm consists of two stages: 3-D spectrum construction Apr 1, 2013 · It is a real-time target detection approach for infrared image. [65]. 1049/rsn2. In this work, a method for detecting small targets on the sea surface based on sequence features is proposed from the perspectives of feature extraction and feature classification on a basis of real data Apr 1, 2024 · It is difficult for maritime high-resolution radars to realize the small target detection in sea clutter, due to weak target returns and complicated clutter characteristics. DISCUSSION 32 Nov 15, 2023 · Radar targets are often immersed in complex clutter, so the effective suppression of clutter is key to improving the detection model performance. It is shown that the median is robust Land Clutter. Threshold values and detection curves are given for the mean and median detectors for both distributions. PROBABILITY OF FALSE ALARM AND DETECTION 18 4. Mar 24, 2025 · Due to the nonstationary, time-varying, and target-like characteristics of sea clutter, detection of small targets embedded within it has been a long-standing and formidable challenge in the field of remote sensing. In this paper, a set of three signal processing techniques designed to suppress unwanted sea clutter radar echo and achieve target detection with no prior knowledge of the ocean and environmental conditions is presented. In this paper, three features of a received vector at a resolution cell-the relative Nov 21, 2005 · Clutter is defined as any unwanted radar return. Therefore, in this paper, we consider the adaptive detection of range-spread targets in the compound Gaussian clutter with the square root of inverse Gaussian distribution texture. In particular, for low grazing angles and high sea states, wave shading Jul 1, 2018 · Analysis and modeling of sea clutter is the prerequisite to mitigate it. Next, the micro-motion characteristics of the targets are assessed. We propose a network that optimizes a “target to clutter ratio”(TCR) metric defined as the ratio of the output ener- • Alternative approach is to resolve the target relative to the background clutter this approach requires more bandwidth, time, and complex processing • Ground clutter can be very complicated spatially-varying clutter, clutter discretes, dense moving targets (heterogenous clutter impacts detection performance [14]) Summary 20 High-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) is of great significance for maritime detection, but in the HFSWR echo signal, ship targets are often submerged in a variety of clutter and interference, making it difficult to detect vessels. Initially, the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) technique is employed to detect strong motion clutter and suppress it using the proposed method. Simultaneous target signal enhancement and background clutter. , Bai, X. Jan 1, 2014 · The study of clutter models is a continuing research topic. A mixed numerical and simulation procedure is set up to evaluate the receiver operating characteristics of the processor. Keywords: Fractal; Pattern Recognition;Sea Clutter; Target Detection. , Wang, Z. 10. Aug 1, 2024 · Third, the background scenes have low low signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) and dynamic changes that interfere with the target detection. 4 The determination of performance in clutter and specifically, range of first detection, as defined in the clutter environment in 5. Analytical expressions for the detection probability and signal-to-clutter-plus-noise ratio (SCNR) are derived for the proposed FDA-based target detection. Kong, J. 2 and 5 (a), but these methods are prone to enhancing the strong clutter rather than the weak target. 6 (a) shows that the WSM procedure has similar target detection probability to the other two approaches when SNR is low. Radar Target Detection. Apr 1, 2006 · Detection of targets that move within visual clutter is a common task for animals searching for prey or conspecifics, a task made even more difficult when a moving pursuer needs to analyze targets Sep 1, 2016 · With the application of HRRs, the range spread target detection problem is inevitable. Second, the This paper mainly concentrates on the detection of target by modeling sea clutter. doi:10. You will first see how to use a statistical radar model to examine the effect of Doppler separation on detectability, then use terrain data to see how line-of-sight occlusions can be simulated in a radar scenario. Different from traditional residual networks, RepVGG keeps an acceptable calculation speed. A machine learning based processor, associating the artificial neural network (ANN) and a clustering May 14, 2025 · Additionally, the authors incorporated a small target detection head with a reduced receptive field. e classical radar Dec 1, 2012 · When α is overestimated, the clutter variance is larger and e performance degrades. within sea clutter. However, conventional CFAR detectors suffer significant performance degradation in multi-target scenarios, primarily due to the masking effect caused by interfering targets. In this letter, we adopt the inverse Gaussian Infrared small target detection (ISTD) aims to find small targets from the infrared clutter background. Currently, the approaches employed in X-band marine radar target detection can be categorized into two groups [2]: constant false alarm rate (CFAR) for detecting targets and track before detection (TBD) for tracking targets. Based on Mar 9, 2025 · By leveraging a dual-channel convolutional neural network to capture multi-dimensional features of targets and clutter in both time and frequency domains, robust target detection can be achieved . Demonstration of the difference between sea clutter and returns with target in different domains. We exploited the GLRT, Wald, Rao, Gradient, and Durbin tests to derive effective detectors, and showed that the detectors are the same based on the Rao, Gradient Feb 7, 2006 · Introduction. When a radar system employs pulsed Doppler processing to identify potential Feb 1, 2024 · Because of the complex time and spatial correlation characteristics of sea clutter, target detection under complex non-uniform sea clutter and low signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR; the ratio of the intensity of the received true signal to that of the clutter interference) conditions severely constrain the radar detection performance [2], [3], [4 5. Like in the feature-based detectors [ 3 , 10 ], in the training branch in Figure 1 , sea clutter sequences received by the radar are divided into two branches. An efficient solution to address the issue is feature-based detection method Sequence-feature detection of small targets in sea clutter based on bi-lstm. In [ 21 ], a multi-frame RD spectrum was used, and a sliding window was applied to obtain observation vectors, with detection performed by an MLP Dec 1, 2019 · Cognition of the characteristics of sea clutter is significant for adaptive detection of radar targets. The K distribution with Gamma texture is widely investigated in clutter modelling and target detection [2]. PD is applied principally to radar systems requiring the detection of moving targets in a severe clutter environment. Cooperation of multiple features is a recognized way to distinguish 314 DETECTION OF RADAR TARGETS IN CLUTTER 315 One object of the study is to calculate t. 1The problem This Chapter examines the problem of coherent multilook radar dete ction of targets in the Dec 1, 2017 · Traditional moving target identification/detection (MTI/MTD) techniques [7] [8] [9] fail to detect sea-surface small targets, because target weak returns fall inside the main clutter region of sea Apr 1, 2024 · It is difficult for maritime high-resolution radars to realize the small target detection in sea clutter, due to weak target returns and complicated clutter characteristics. Birds Jan 8, 2018 · The detection of vessel targets could be effectively resolved in a high-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR). Publication List. Aircraft. 3. His research interests include target detection, clutter suppression, machine learning, radar signals sorting, and recognition. In this work, we propose a RepVGGA0-CWT detector, where RepVGG is a residual network that gains a high detection accuracy. Detection performance predictions for radars using circularly polarized data were also presented. It is known that the challenge for detection of small targets on the sea surface is the low signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). The algorithm has two target + ณ clutter + 𝐍ณ white noise •Vectorise to give length- (= ) received vector 𝐱=vec = + +𝐧 •Assume reflectivities 𝜌∼𝒞𝒩0,1 •Clutter plus noise, 𝝇= +𝐧, Gaussian distributed 𝝇∼𝒞𝒩 , •Formulate detection problem as hypothesis test for presence of target Target Detection CUT 1 𝑘 Sep 18, 2001 · Measurements of IR background variation or clutter are important for determining target detectability. Due to the high velocity of aerial targets, they usually appear as two-dimensional range and Jul 22, 2014 · 4. It benefits from advancing technology of fully coherent radars and digital receivers as well as monopulse processing [radartutorial]. In particular, for low grazing angles and high sea states, wave shading and sea spikes make the small target detection even more difficult. The authors conducted experiments to determine the optimal combination of target detection heads. The experimental results indicate that their method achieves competitive performance on both detection probability and false alarm ratio. Robust detection of targets within sea clutter may strengthen coastal security, improve navigation safety, and help environmental monitoring. De Maio, G. This article presents a multiframe detection approach for sea-surface small target by using deep convolutional neural network. However, the detection of drones for defense or security purposes has become problematic because of the use of plastic materials and the small size of these drones. Conventional detectors using incoherent integration and adaptive clutter suppression have low detection probabilities for such targets with weak returns and unobservable Doppler shifts. Table 17. The resulting waveform design Dec 1, 2024 · In the actual detection process, the extraction of the scale feature of the target is very important in various recognition fields. The first category is the algorithm based on background subtraction, which extracts small targets by using reasonable models to predict and remove background clutter. In practical situations, the received signal may extend across multiple range cells, referred to as distributed targets. This is achieved by detecting the targets from the synthesized samples of the compressed noisy echo signal by fixing the threshold using improved correlation technique. He is also a Foreign member 2. The layer Aug 31, 2023 · Drones are currently being used for various applications. In such cases, the clutter is commonly modeled as a compound-Gaussian process, which can be described as the product of a texture component (a real and non-negative random process) and a speckle component (obeying a complex Gaussian distribution) [22]. Hu et al. This paper uses the In this paper, a comprehensive overview of radar detection methods for low-altitude targets in maritime environments is presented, focusing on the challenges posed by sea clutter and multipath scattering. Chaff Clutter • Clutter comes from same range/angle cell as a target • Clutter RCS can be much larger than targets of interest (>50 dB) • Characteristics vary with terrain (land/sea), weather, etc. However, the partici-pation of the data with the target under test in design de-grades their generalisability [7–9]. In fact, this new proximity feature-based approach provided a clear roadmap for future Oct 3, 2024 · Shipborne high-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) systems face the challenge of sea clutter spreading, which obscures vessel echoes and makes detection difficult. To Land Clutter. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 60, 1–11. – The total solution is a sequential set of Doppler processing and detection / thresholding techniques • Smaller targets require more clutter suppression Courtesy of MIT Measurements of sea clutter using high-resolution radar show that clutter cross section is not Rayleigh distributed. In birds of prey such as kestrels, for example, astonishing optical acuity permits visual detection of prey at distances of up to 275 m from a perch []. Shuai, L. Despite numerous efforts, ISTD still faces many challenges like: • Small Size: Targets typically occupy only several to dozens of pixels in infrared images, due to the significant camera-to-object distance. his power for radar equipped with MTI detector when the detection is limited by ground echoes, pre- cipitation, sea reflections, or aluminum foils (chaff). Based upon a limited polarimetric clutter data base and a target data base of turntable measurements, our performance predictions show that the target detection performance achievable using the OPD or the PMF is not Oct 25, 2021 · Sea-surface small target detection is challenging for maritime radar. Results demonstrate that the new approach provides an effective way for detecting and analyzing accelerating and decelerating air targets in heavily cluttered regions. Existing methods often fail to deliver satisfactory performance in the presence of substantial clutter interference. Aiming at the problems existing in the field of infrared small target detection, as shown in Fig. Traditional adaptive detectors based on sea clutter modeling often struggle to achieve satisfactory detection performance. e. Dec 1, 2023 · The frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar has gained increasing attention in the field of noncontact vital signs detection. Radar detection performance varies for different targets or in different clutter environments. Jan 1, 2025 · In this paper, the adaptive polarimetric persymmetric detection for distributed subspace targets under the background of compound Gaussian clutter is investigated, where the compound Gaussian clutter exhibits texture that follows a lognormal distribution. Often, experimental radars for sea-surface small target detection work at the dwelling mode to collect data [3,4]. 07912 (2023) manage site settings. Robust scale invariant target detection in sea-based IRST. Jan 1, 2016 · Sea clutter refers to the signals returned from the wavy and turbulent rough sea surface. The performance of conventional detectors for radar targets is seriously degraded due to both the starvation of training samples for estimating the clutter covariance matrix and the non-Gaussianity of sea clutter. Sep 13, 2019 · Adaptive waveform design for cognitive radar in the case of extended target detection under compound-Gaussian (CG) sea clutter is addressed. The presence of clutter in a range/Doppler cell complicates the detection of a target return signal in that cell. Feb 1, 2025 · Despite the significant contributions of Gini, Guan, and Jiang to target detection under subspace models, offering effective solutions for both point targets and range distributed targets, these methods typically rely on certain prior knowledge and may have limitations when dealing with clutter exhibiting various texture characteristics. In multiple-target scenarios, the target masking effect reduces the detection performance of CFAR detectors evidently. Rain Clutter. The detection was Feb 1, 2025 · To deal with the IG-CG distributed clutter, an adaptive target detection algorithm is designed by the two-step GLRT procedure and the performance is evaluated by simulation results [15]. Feb 12, 2024 · The primary objective of radar digital signal processing is to detect and identify targets in complicated situations, such as those involving clutter or several closely positioned targets. Ricci, GLRT-based adaptive detection algorithms for range-spread targets, IEEE Trans. Jan 1, 2024 · In this paper, we address the problem of polarimetric detection for targets with energy spillover in non-Gaussian clutter. Deep learning (DL) methods, which are data-driven, have been introduced into the field of radar target detection (RTD) since their intrinsic non-linear feature extraction ability can enhance the Jul 1, 2018 · Analysis and modeling of sea clutter is the prerequisite to mitigate it. This in turn demands more detailed models of the returns, for example to characterize second order effects that had previously been ignored. Such detectors obtain good detection on the targets under test. Optimum and near-optimum coherent cfar detection of radar targets in compound-gaussian clutter with generalized inverse gaussian texture. Nov 14, 2023 · Constructing a high-performance target detector under the background of sea clutter is always necessary and important. Nov 21, 2023 · Detection of Small Targets in Sea Clutter Based on RepVGG and Continuous Wavelet Transform. Robust detection of targets within sea clutter may strengthen coastal Sep 3, 2020 · Moving Target Detection - how does it work? Moving Target Detection is a newer approach to turn the moving targets visible. Conclusion and future directions Based on the survey of some dim small target detection algorithms, most of them are based on one or several mathematical tools and have certain limitations. Existing data-driven deep learning methods require cumbersome and expensive annotations. First, the signal features of radar echo segments are extracted by contrastive learning without supervised information. Fig. Therefore, shortening Jul 12, 2021 · It is known that the challenge for detection of small targets on the sea surface is the low signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). To address this, this paper improves the YOLOv5 network by integrating Transformer and a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) with the multi-frame image information obtained from radar scans. However, no simple and reliable methods for detecting targets within sea clutter have been proposed. This letter proposed a novel phase-feature detector of small targets in sea clutter. Jun 1, 2020 · Target detection is based on difference at Hurst exponents rather than their magnitudes between sea clutter and target returns plus sea clutter. Jul 1, 2018 · Target Detection is the first step in all SAR Automatic Target Recognition (SAR-ATR) pipelines where targets are differentiated from clutter considering imperfections such as imaging noise. Often only poor detectability of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) targets is achieved when the direct correlation method is used. The moving targets can be reconstructed and detected from the Sep 1, 2021 · However, the detection performance of the SO-CFAR processor degrades considerably if interfering targets are located in both the leading and lagging windows and it also fails to maintain a constant false alarm rate at clutter edges [20]. Clutter is used as the generic term for those echoes. It is a composite algorithm. 1371/journal Oct 10, 2022 · The main clutter region has great negative influence on detection performance, especially when small targets fall into the main sea clutter region. The clutter vector c can be interpreted as the product of a real positive random variable and N-dimension complex Gaussian circular random vector according to SIRV and so we can get This example shows how to simulate the detection of targets in surface clutter. , 2022. In this paper, we propose an intelligent detection algorithm for targets concealed in strong clutter and complex interference environments. Feb 1, 2018 · Consequently, the compound Gaussian model degrades into the spherically invariant random vector (SIRV) model which is widely applied in radar target detection [15]. 70. In short integration time, target returns have a simple form and thus it is pivotal to develop the optimum coherent detection matching the characteristics of sea clutter [7], [8], [9]. Furthermore, the performance of the detection network is severely degraded when the detection Jun 1, 2024 · Considering that clutter behaves in long-time nonstationarity and target returns have complex amplitude and Doppler modulations [11], traditional target detection methods make it difficult to model sea clutter and target returns as simple and easily processed parametric models. This is because the targets are almost Jan 1, 2011 · 3. This 3. Yang, Performance analysis of GLRT-based adaptive detector for Feb 1, 2018 · The adaptive detection of radar targets in non-Gaussian clutter environment has been extensively researched in recent years. Sea Clutter. Whereas some statistics based on knowledge without rigorous models Moving Target Indicator (MTI) and Pulse-Doppler (PD) processing use the Doppler shift of the different signals to enhance detection of moving targets and reject clutter. Finally, we propose a polarimetric waveform-design algorithm to further improve the target-detection performance. Due to a larger contrast between the power of sea clutter and the power of noise, clutter-to-noise ratio (CNR) is often expressed by a positive dB value. Apr 6, 2022 · Below, we consider the PCA-based fast target detection in high-resolution sea clutter in the case that auxiliary training samples of sea clutter plus target returns are available. 1, our solution is proposed in order to further preserve the truth value of the target. Nov 1, 2018 · We consider the problem of detecting a distributed target in compound-Gaussian sea clutter with Gamma distributed texture components. The measured SAR data verifies the practicability of the proposed GMTI method. Target Detection in Multi-static Radar S. Weinberg Electronic Warfare and Radar Division Defence Science and Te chnology Organisation (DSTO) Australia 1. PPI Display of Heavy Rain. 2 Probability of Detection for Swerling-2 Targets 23 4. Then, we develop a polarimetric detection test that is robust to inhomogeneous clutter. [46] defined a metric of the target-to-clutter ratio (TCR) and then proposed a TCR network to detect infrared small targets from the input images. To address this challenge, this paper introduces an Jan 1, 2020 · The non-Gaussian clutter’s amplitude has large fluctuation and heavy tail. ferences 1] E. If the detectors are designed for the Gaussian clutter background, occurrence of non-Gaussian clutter would increase the false alarm rate. The block-adaptive and subband adaptive coherent detection can implement the long-time coherent integration for targets of constant radial velocity [5,6]. Giving consideration to both accuracy and speed, the RepVGGA0 Aug 1, 2018 · It is well known that radar detection performance depends on the statistical characteristics of the clutter and the target echo, as well as the signal processing methods radar used. Target detection statistics were derived for various backgrounds (ocean, ocean glints, desert, forest, shoreline Dec 1, 2024 · An effective radar detection system should possess the capability of accounting for the scattering characteristics of targets and the probability density function (pdf) of clutter in order to keep a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) [1]. Visual detection of targets that move within visual clutter is a common task in animals searching for prey or conspecifics. 4 . Applications. Li Jing-Yi, Shui Peng-Lang, Guo Zi-Xun, Xu Shu-Wen, " Fast principal component analysis-based detection of small targets in sea clutter," IET Radar, Sonar, and Navigation, DOI. zjb ypcuazy ucvsi ziycq ftbdbcb fgjeiw yjmpj fbejz xdro bhgfb