Toiso8601string carbon. UPDATED to address issues mentioned in comments.

Correctly counting years and months requires knowledge of the local calendar and timezone, to overcome edge cases like leap years and Daylight Savings changes. : 2011-09-02T18:00:00 Using PHP, how can I reformat into something like: Friday, September 2nd 2011 at 6:00pm Nb - I was doing it in Javascript, b Oct 24, 2018 · I found the datetime. Best Answer. <?php namespace Carbon; class Carbon extends \DateTime { // code here } Carbon has all of the functions inherited from the base DateTime class. 12. Apr 4, 2010 · 2. parse( "2015-08-20T08:26:21. 4. toLocaleString(); This should get you something like this: 6/30/2017, 8:47:15 AM. ToString(timeSpan); answered May 25, 2010 at 15:26. Read it into a Datetime using strptime() then build a new Date object from that. Sep 23, 2020 · Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might have The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. The datetime string must match ISO 8601 format. If something is not mentioned there, then it is treated as non-existent, and not as an allowed option. Oct 28, 2021 · Carbon version: 2. DateTimeInterface::getTimestamp — Gets the Unix timestamp. The resulting string can be parsed back using parse. When the prerequisites above are not certain or if you want to be more explicit, I recommend you actually parse the string and compare Jan 14, 2000 · In order to INSERT data into a SQL Server table, you don't need any conversion codes or anything at all - just specify your dates as literal strings. ISO 8601 is a date and time notation format defined by ISO as an international standard. Table of Contents ¶. 4 says UTC times use the 'Z' designator. 7. [1] The standard provides a well-defined Aug 22, 2023 · In Python, you can handle date and time information with the datetime module from the standard library. now(); print (dt. The format that I get is 2018-04-28T22:17:41+05:30. 2014-02-15T08:57:47. For example, September 27, 2022 at 6 p. The T in the middle separates the year-month-day portion from the hour-minute-second portion. let newFormatter = ISO8601DateFormatter() let date = newFormatter. final moonLanding = DateTime . Now I want to save it as DATETIME MySQL in a table. sssZ or ±YYYYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss. Abstract. import format from 'date-fns/format'. Hi @ProtoSup , If you are using Excel as your data source, please set the DateTime Format to ISO 8601. toString() 2015-08-20T08:26:21Z. Access the array element at index 0. The Z is pronounced "Zulu" per military/aviation tradition. Feb 16, 2017 · The best way may be to parse the date to zoned date time and handle what you want -- i. Steps To Reproduce: Have Carbon >2. isoformat in the documentation. 3118055556 to 2023-07-23T07:29:00 format. The following table demonstrates usage of AInputIsUTC. The extra digits are for the ISO 8601 expanded year format that allows Dates to cover ±273,790 years from 1970, which is the possible range of ECMAScript dates. PHP Carbon Carbon::toIso8601String - 7 examples found. No, PT doesn't stand for Period of Time. g. specifies the width of the input field. FromMinutes(value); That's more clear in my opinion. my app timezone is: APP_TIMEZONE=Asia/Tehran. This approach allows you to access the base functionality if you see anything missing in Carbon but is there in DateTime. '. 1) The formatDateTime () function translates the ISO 8601 to a Date only string which is no longer an ISO 8601 Date Time format. 223232e2-123456789. Sep 18, 2018 · The sql field type is VARCHAR, I am saving date and time from an API. Append the letter Z to the end of the result. console. Jul 12, 2024 · The date. I have the following Iso8601 date-time string 2018-03-12T10:34:15-0200 and after I parse it . let dateString = "20180207T124600Z". 240Z To this (in MySQL DATE format): 2014-03-13 in php? Please note: there is a subtle bug in this answer. com) on how to convert "integer" dates such as 45132. Apr 28, 2021 · Can't figure it out. The format is yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss. Or see How to get date from Excel as a date in Power Automate flow (tomriha. index. Scientific notation and decimals are assignable to ${number}, and this code compiles: const date: TDateISODate = '2000. Sep 12, 2014 · I had an app that was making queries against an OracleDB database (19c). fun parseIsoString(value: String): Duration. I think I have found an even better solution: According to the wiki page Canada uses ISO 8601 as the official date format, therefore we can safely use this. Therefore, the order of the elements used to express date and time in ISO 8601 is as follows: year, month, day, hour, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds. Feb 1, 2024 · public static string ToUniversalIso8601(this DateTime dateTime) {. One thing to note is that, since it's the ISO 8601 time format, the browser generally converts from UTC time . 0 installed. To convert the DATE to ISO 8601 "date(DATE_ISO8601)" these are one of the solutions that works for me: Convert Time & Date to Any Format/Time Zone: ISO 8601, Timestamp, RFC, Julian Day, and More Jan 1, 2011 · The following formula will parse an ISO timestamp, again WITHOUT the time zone: =DATEVALUE(MID(A1,1,10))+TIMEVALUE(MID(A1,12,8)) This will produce the date in floating point format, which you can then format as a date using normal Excel formats. 000000Z'. 53. 000, then use date-time objects to parse your input string value, then generate a new string representation of that date-time value in a different format. Feb 5, 2015 · Suppose we have a 2015-02-05T14:50:55+01:00 formatted date time that comes from an angularJs client side app. ToString("u"). 450686+01:00") print (date) Output: 2008-09-03 20:56:35. To get an ISO date without the milliseconds: Split the ISO string on the dot . 790') and you're done. AInputisUTC indicates if the value in ADate represents a date/time value for the UTC time zone. is represented as 2022-09-27 18:00:00. 1,686 1 12 14. This function is also mentioned in the documentation for the standard Python function datetime Aug 13, 2020 · ISO 8601 represents date and time by starting with the year, followed by the month, the day, the hour, the minutes, seconds and milliseconds. In the first line, you can also say TimeSpan timeSpan = TimeSpan. Meaning: You are probably right - this looks like a BC break has been introduced here, silently changing it to the "correct" ISO code - and not using the wrong PHP one. let dateFormatter = ISO8601DateFormatter() Jan 1, 2012 · Section 4. toISOString () method is used to convert the given data object’s contents into a string in ISO format (ISO 8601) i. This adds extra flexibility around ISO8601 string format. 15. The Carbon::parse method accept many accepted format so not good in my use case. Use this type to create ISO-8601 representations of dates and create dates from text strings in ISO 8601 format. Jun 23, 2021 · When return users like this: return User:find(1); response is Iso8601 by UTC timezone: 2021-06-23T10:04:59. Jan 1, 2015 · chanux commented on Sep 2, 2015. how convert database created_at to Iso8601 like '2021-06-23T10:04:59. either removing only the offset part to get a local date time or transforming the +1:00 offset to 0 offset to have a "standard" zoned date time. Check for more details about the JSFiddle and related answers here. This actually relies on a other feature: PHP provides native comparison of DateTime objects and Carbon extends DateTime. 99% of the case the relevant default timezone for your application is UTC and so your test should just always use this. Determines if the instance is between two others. Example. When AInputIsUTC contains True, the 'Z' (Zulu time) time zone Feb 25, 2021 · MDN is a community resource, it's not normative. toIso8601String(); print (isoDate); // 1969-07-20T20 Nov 29, 2021 · isodate2 is a fork of isodate. php like so: /**. It is maintained by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was first published in 1988, with updates in 1991, 2000, 2004, and 2019, and an amendment in 2022. 2 through 4. var datetime = new Date(); var now = datetime. 000000Z"); for momentjs or. This will output the current date and time in the ISO 8601 format, for example: "2022-09-22T14:44:11+00:00" Dec 30, 2010 · I would note that using DATE_ISO8601 produces a date string which is slightly different than ISO8601 (the colon is missing in the TZ, ISO8601 expects times to be all with OR all without the colon, not a mixture) - date('c') does produces a strict ISO 8601 valid date - This could cause hard to trace bugs if code expects a strict ISO 8601 datetime format. Dec 12, 2014 · If AInputIsUTC is False, DateToISO8601 treats the input ADate time as a local time. 0. Then the converted resulting ISO 8601 format time contains time offsets for the local time zone (locale) of the system running your application. so only the "T" is missing - I can easily write my own function for this, just wondering if that already exists somewhere in the core libraries? The other direction, ISO 8601 Aug 24, 2023 · Date. 39. Apr 1, 2024 · The Date. The timezone is always UTC, as denoted by the W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. (in local time as there is no time zone offset specified—more on that below). The implementation follows ISO8601:2004 standard, and implements only date/time representations mentioned in the standard. Feb 7, 2022 · Here is an example how we parsing ISO 8601 date string with ISO8601DateFormatter. prototype. 812. The input ADate date-and-time value, specified in the WikiPedia disagrees: Decimal fractions may also be added to any of the three time elements. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. format('2013-03-10T02:00:00Z', 'YYYY-MM-DD'); // 2013-03-10, YYYY-MM-dd for 2. input (date, informat=e8601dzw. util mmm are milliseconds in the range 000 to 999, and. Feb 11, 2020 · Use X (unquoted) instead of 'Z' (quoted) in your sdfSource. Iain's response was right, too, but you should always specify the InvariantCulture (or any other CultureInfo) for multiple reasons (i. toIso8601String method. toISOString(). 000000Z"); for date-fns. sssZ, respectively). Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. uuu are microseconds in the range 001 to 999. 2014-02-15 08:57:47. never assume . . In practice, among such locales in CLDR, fo (Faroese) seems to come closest to being ISO 8601 and supported by browsers. Rationale: updated tools. Secondly you need to use X instead of Z because the X means an RFC822 timezone and that means no colon between the hour and the minute. It depends on your need. It seems to do what you want: datetime. mmmuuu (no trailing "Z") for local/non-UTC time, where: yyyy is a, possibly negative, four digit representation of the year, if the year is in the range -9999 to 9999 ISO 8601 is an international standard covering the worldwide exchange and communication of date and time -related data. Though, invalid dates like 2023-02-29, 2023-02-30, 2023-02-31 are accepted by this regexp. That will solve the problem. The function expects to be given a string containing an English date format and will try to parse that format into a Unix timestamp (the number of seconds since January 1 1970 00:00:00 UTC), relative to the timestamp given in baseTimestamp, or the current time if baseTimestamp is not supplied. This module implements ISO 8601 date, time and duration parsing. [1] Tiêu chuẩn này dựa trên quy tắc cơ bản là sắp Jul 23, 2022 · var_dump(new Carbon('2030-01-01 00:00:00') > new Carbon('1970-01-01 00:00:00')); // true. The weird thing is that in java Period and Duration both have this P in front although Duration will not have the date component only the time, therefore for Duration you will have PT always and for Period you can have PYMWDTHMS. Your plot should meet the following 1. Mar 16, 2021 · Unable to process template language expressions in action 'Compose-_TEST' inputs at line '1' and column '2898': 'In function 'formatDateTime', the value provided for date time string '15/03/2021' was not valid. Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more. Carbon::parse("2018-03-21T10:34:15-0200", 'UTC') and save it to mysql db datetime column I have 2018-03-21 10:34:15 so I've lost the -0200 hours difference with UTC timezone. For example: 2020-06-02T00:00: Jul 23, 2015 · found the solution myself, so I thought I'd share: TimeSpan timeSpan = new TimeSpan(0, value, 0); return XmlConvert. If you want to use strptime, you need to strip out those variations first. The required timezone is Europe/Berlin. The third argument allow you to specify if bounds are included or not (true by default) but for when you including/excluding bounds may produce different results in your application, we recommend to use the explicit methods ->betweenIncluded() or ->betweenExcluded() instead. If all you want to do is eliminate the . 9. INSERT INTO MyTable(DateColumn) VALUES('20090430 12:34:56. Because you are always dealing with the same Carbon instance. 678+09:00: Week dates (year - week - day of the week) May 27, 2022 · If you want to get the current ISO 8601 datetime first, you need to get the current datetime using the datetime. * Prepare a date for array/JSON serialization by casting it to an ISO8601-conforming string. Aug 20, 2015 · tl;dr Instant. date(from: "2022-01-31T02:22:40Z") About ISO 8601 date and time. now() function. The datetime module provides methods, such as isoformat() and fromisoformat(), for converting between ISO format (ISO 8601) strings and datetime objects. 4. DateTimeInterface::diff — Returns the difference between two DateTime objects. The timezone could not be found in the database Data missing. ISO 8601 là một tiêu chuẩn quốc tế, được đưa ra bởi Tổ chức tiêu chuẩn hóa quốc tế (ISO) lần đầu tiên năm 1988, mô tả quy cách viết ngày tháng và thời gian theo cách đơn giản nhất mà máy tính có thể hiểu được. dayjs('2019-01-25'). Set protected $dateFormat = 'c'; on a model. 450686+01:00. Notes: I'm currently in the UK, which at the time of this test is in BST (UTC+01:00). The time string I'm trying to use is a valid ISO8601 string indicating UTC. split('. I have been able to ensure that the application returns dates to the client in ISO8601 format by overriding the serializeDate function in Model. There are many variants by which a date Stack Exchange Network. toISOString() // '2019-01-25T02:00:00. Feb 19, 2018 · You need to specify the format options for the ISO8601DateFormatter to match your requirements (year, month, day and time), here is an example below: //: Playground - noun: a place where people can play. ')[0] + 'Z'. d specify and remove informat=. toLocaleDateString("en Jul 13, 2020 · 意外と手こずったので忘備録がわりにQiitaに残します。PHPで日時計算するには、Carbonが定石なので、Carbonを入れていることを前提とします。2020. 789Z. 000000Z. answered Oct 11, 2014 at 14:47. ADate contains the native TDateTime value converted in the function. toISOString () The toISOString() method of Date instances returns a string representing this date in the date time string format, a simplified format based on ISO 8601, which is always 24 or 27 characters long ( YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss. isoparse ("2008-09-03T20:56:35. These are the top rated real world PHP examples of Carbon\Carbon::toIso8601String extracted from open source projects. Sep 22, 2008 · I believe this is the correct answer. edited Apr 13, 2017 at 12:50. Use the isoformat () method. split("T")[0]); // results in '2022-12-18'. js. e8601dzw. Community Bot. When these are converted to json, they all end up with whatever timezone was applied last. The app was sending timestamp parameters in ISO 8601 format and the table had a column that was an Oracle TIMESTAMP type (not an Oracle TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE type) that was just known to store timestamps that represented UTC time. (source) Parses a string that represents a duration in a restricted ISO-8601 composite representation and returns the parsed Duration value. e, in the form of (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss. 07-26-2023 01:36 AM. 000Z" ) . The goal is to generate a UTC datetime object. One option is to extract the time as a string before moving to the next value, eg. 2 of ISO 8601 gives examples with no TZ designator saying they are local times. Nov 8, 2021 · Level up your programming skills with exercises across 52 languages, and insightful discussion with our dedicated team of welcoming mentors. The Z on the end means UTC, that is, an offset-from-UTC of zero hours-minutes-seconds. UPDATED to address issues mentioned in comments. There is no point in explicitly defining the yyyy-MM-etc if Microsoft already implemented ISO 8601. Using this free, open source library, one can parse into a std::chrono::time_point<system_clock, milliseconds>, which has the advantage over a tm of being able to hold millisecond precision. * Eloquent `Model` class definition for `serializeDate`. Jul 4, 2018 · 2. ToUniversalTime(). Changed toIso8601String to take in a boolean which when false would remove the timezone from ISO8601 string. Apr 26, 2020 · laravel carbon today date format; formate date using carbon in laravel blade; install carbon laravel; carbon now format; get only date from carbon laravel; laravel carbon create date from string; carbon parse in laravel; format created_at date for human with carbon; carbon in laravel; php carbon convert string to date; carbon parse format Dec 14, 2017 · Re: Convert ISO8601 string to datetime format. Because ISO 8601 allows many variations of optional colons and dashes being present, basically CCYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss[Z|(+|-)hh:mm]. Another option if you want to maintain the format and just remove the T and Z characters is to replace the strings. You have two problems. mmmuuuZ for UTC time, and yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss. May 1, 2021 · I need to convert a user given datetime with format Y-m-d H:i:s to ISO8601 format with offset notation using Php Carbon . A decimal point, either a comma or a dot (without any preference as stated most recently in resolution 10 of the 22nd General Conference CGPM in 2003), is used as a separator between the time element and its fraction. DateToISO8601 is a String function used to convert the TDateTime value in ADate to ISO 8601 date/time notation. If you already have a datetime object, you can skip this step. Returns an ISO-8601 full-precision extended format representation. toIso8601String. @ajithlal You can try using the toIso8601String() method on the Carbon instance when you're updating the last_seen field. sss (no trailing "Z") for local/non-UTC time, where: yyyy is a, possibly negative, four digit representation of the year, if the year is in the range -9999 to 9999, otherwise it is a This library cannot support the year (Y) and month (M) designators. Nov 10, 2016 · It offers basically the most functionality of Moment. It is also applicable for representing times and time shifts based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). In 99. 2) YOu then try to use that in an addDays () function that requires an 8601 date format. This will format the timestamp as an ISO-8601 string, which is the format that you're looking for. Unable to process template language expressions for action 'Condition' at line '1' and column '17747': 'In function 'formatDateTime', the value provided for date time string '' was not valid. parseISO("2017-07-04T23:21:37. Jun 30, 2017 · You can try to use . The Carbon class is inherited from the PHP DateTime class. "timezonetest1" => Carbon::now( 'GMT+8' )->toIso8601String(), Sep 22, 2020 · Description: Latest release of carbon breaks iso8601 date formating on models. 3e+3-3. Feb 21, 2017 · ISO 8601 tackles this uncertainty by setting out an internationally agreed way to represent dates: YYYY-MM-DD. In the next major it can be fixed from +0000 to +00:00. x. How to convert this (in ISO8601 format): 2014-03-13T09:05:50. DateTimeFormat(['foo', 'iso8601'], o) gives the following results: 2014-7-31 10:26:50 in Chrome. 678+0900: Extended format: 2000-01-23T01:23:45. Example: Jul 31, 2014 · However, support to specific locales in browsers or other JavaScript implementations is not guaranteed. You'll get. When I run the expression below: formatDateTime (outputs ('Compose') [0],'yyyy-MM-dd New answer for old question. 04-27-2021 07:17 PM. Example: "2019-10-20" Apr 4, 2017 · Facebook outputs dates in ISO8601 format - e. return dateTime. 820Z is defined by the ISO 8601 standard. To format as an ISO 8601 string. Jan 17, 2017 · For BC reasons you cannot change this in in minors of course for Carbon usually. If microsecond equals 0, then this part is omitted. Combination of calendar date and time of day in local time with difference from UTC: 2016-07-07T21:18:22+03:00 (extended format) 20160707T211822+0300 (basic format) Combination of ordinal date and time of day in local time The problem many times occurs with the milliseconds and final microseconds that many times are in 4 or 8 finals. What we need to do is initialize and use it. Replace(" ", "T"); } In this method, we convert the date to UTC value and then format it using ToString("u"). which isn't quite ISO 8601, that would be. When I try to do following. and user saved this format in database and this is app timezone: 2021-06-23 14:34:59. 0 breaks. This document specifies representations of dates of the Gregorian calendar and times based on the 24-hour clock, as well as composite elements of them, as character strings for use in information interchange. For other formatting conventions, like human-readable, localized date formats, use 66. The data array contains mixed data, including several columns of ISO 8601 date strings in UTC. m. In response to Hawksmoor. Since your are using quotes a literal Z is expected in the input. NET should just assume). PHP version: 8. 40. 4, it is the UTC designator [Z] if use is made Nov 14, 2019 · The format seen in your first example 2019-11-14T00:55:31. sigpwned. Testing with Intl. Date-Time Formatter. Sep 28, 2021 · In response to ProtoSup. d) as Date format=datetime20. Now I need to convert this using carbon to get a format like 04 April 2018 Sep 22, 2016 · 2. This overrides the. For example, 2020-07-10 15:00:00. var dt = new DateTime. ECMA-262 is the authority, see §21. Now it does not accept 00 as days or months. Jul 7, 2016 · ISO 8601 requires that the resulting expression is either consistently in basic format or consistently in extended format. e. sssZ for UTC time, and yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ss. 12321312e12' Also, template literals only apply at compile time, user input will not be guarded at all. For example, date. Here's the condition that has the issue. toString()); produces. 000. This is because ISO 8601 does not allow whitespace as the date-time Sep 24, 2008 · An another way is to use specialized parser for ISO-8601 is to use isoparse function of dateutil parser: from dateutil import parser date = parser. To convert datetime to ISO 8601 format use the isoformat () method. utc( 1969, 7, 20, 20, 18, 04 ); final isoDate = moonLanding. sssZ). 1. 28 コメントいただいたので修… PHP is a popular general-purpose scripting language that powers everything from your blog to the most popular websites in the world. 000, represents the 10th of July 2020 at 3 p. Carbon::createFromFormat('Y-m-dTH:i:s', '2015-01-01T01:02:03Z'); Following exception occurs. Convert Java dates to ISO-8601 string: this post explains how to convert java. You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. If you need to convert a date column to ISO-8601 format on SELECT, you can use conversion code 126 or 127 (with Format Conversion result; Basic format: 20000123T012345. DateTimeInterface::getOffset — Returns the timezone offset. ISO8601FormatStyle type generates and parses string representations of dates following the ISO-8601 standard, like 2024-04-01T12:34:56. Composite representation is a relaxed version of ISO-8601 duration format that supports negative durations and negative values of individual components. 03-21-2023 01:04 PM. InvalidArgumentException. Jul 4, 2016 · String to Date. The date object is created using the date () constructor. moment("2017-07-04T23:21:37. isoformat([sep]) Return a string representing the date and time in ISO 8601 format, YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS. -09:30), such as certain locations in France and Canada. The date and time are connected by "T" and written. DateTimeInterface::format — Returns date formatted according to given format. Yes it is a valid ISO 8601 date. log(new Date("2022-12-19 00:43:00 GMT+0100"). Write a function called plot-carbon which takes in a single optional argument, an ISO 8601-format date string (it should default to using the current day if no argument is passed in), and outputs a plot of the predicted and realized carbon intensities for that date. How about updating the API description for CarbonPeriod::toIso8601String() with something like Format the date period into iso8601 datetime/iso8601 duration , or iso8601 datetime/iso8601 duration/iso8601 datetime if a end time is given explicitly. js with a much smaller bundle size and many formatting options. Convert an ISO 8601 date string ("YYYY-MM-DD") into a Date object. toLocaleString() on your date time object. Set some datetime (for example updated_at) to Carbon::now()->toIso8601String() Save. Of course it always raises the question "local time where?" The zone designator is empty if use is made of local time in accordance with 4. Jan 3, 2022 · Hello, I encountered an issue with the following code: $period = CarbonPeriod::create('2018-05-31', 'P3M', INF); echo CarbonPeriod::create($period->toIso8601String Feb 15, 2014 · Just doing this. Version 2. Furthermore, we replace whitespace with “ T “. Actually for the majority of projects the timezone for Carbon::now() is not even a variable. I know that is a iso 8601 forma Jul 4, 2017 · Is there a way for carbon to throw an exception if the string I am passing is not ISO 8601 format? Basically I am looking for a function like. 2. character. import UIKit. 👍 2. Timezone offset will not be calculated correctly if the zone had offset minutes and was negative (eg. mmmmmm or, if microsecond is 0, YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS If utcoffset() does not return None, a 6-character string is appended, giving the UTC offset in (signed) hours and minutes: YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS Jun 2, 2020 · I'm pulling data to my sheet from an API using an ImportJSON function. 0 of carbon works fine, 2. The setTestNow() is set to roughly the current date & time so essentially should have no real effect on the results This answer is misleading, since ${number} isn't limited to an integer digit, as one might assume from reading this answer. garpunkal. d) as Date format=datetime20input (date, informat=e8601dzw. It's just Period without a date component, only the time. Oct 15, 2019 · Most Valuable Professional. 1 1. 000Z' Computer Science questions and answers. nt jg iu da ab za tg rd fq ss