Rocks of virginia minerals. However, it is pretty poor in comparison to other states.

Information about equipment, collecting methods, and specimen preparation is included. Sedimentary rocks. So, let’s get down to it and we’ll go over a list of some of the rocks, minerals, and gems of West Virginia and give you an idea of where to begin the hunt! Rocks and Minerals Found In West Virginia 1. Michelle Stanislaus and her classmates from their Historical Geology class and Government class ran the petition for this law starting … Virginia though small, produces a wide variety of rocks, minerals, fossils and metals. Our data is searchable using: It is used as a hardening alloy or for metal plating to produce a hard, smooth, corrosion-resistant surface. The minerals illustrated on this site were purchased from collectors or wholesale suppliers for resale purposes. Its bright Found in all five provinces of Virginia. In central and northern Virginia, the Blue Ridge Mountains rise dramatically to elevations above 1,200 m (4000’) with local relief up to 1000 m. The club’s primary focus is collecting and studying minerals, rocks, and fossils and sharing knowledge in these fields. Perfect Photographs and information for a large collection of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Formation of minerals occurs as a precipitate from a solution, as the result of high temperature and pressure within a preexisting rock, or from the cooling of molten rock. Toggle menu. 44, No. The owner of this site did not collect the minerals and collectors should not assume access is permitted to the property based on inclusion in this museum. Many regionally metamorphosed rocks contain small amounts of epidote. 152 pages, 9 x 8. B. Virginia is known for its mineral richness and is often considered by people taking part in rockhounding, as does nearby Tennessee. Watson’s 1907 Mineral resources of Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 175, [CD-ROM; 2003, September 1]. Another helpful tool is a hand lens. Pharr, R. Each rock, mineral and fossil can help us read this fascinating geologic autobiography of Virginia. Rock and Mineral Kits. As water flows through the cracks and crevices of these rocks, it carries minerals and elements essential for the growth of these gorgeous gemstones. Oct 3, 2022 · If you know where to look, you’ll find that the state houses a wealth of different minerals, some of them quite rare in other locales. Mica and feldspar Brown, William Randall, 1962, Mica and feldspar deposits of Virginia : Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Mineral Resources Report 3, 195 p. Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Watson, T. Berquist, C. Picconi and Charles C. Out-of-print. , 1998, The Cold Spring and related clay deposits along the western slope of the central Blue Ridge in Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Virginia Minerals, Vol. In the chart below, the year in parentheses shows when each mineral, rock, stone, or gemstone became an official state symbol or emblem. , edited by Andrielle N. Not every state has an official state mineral, rock, stone and/or gemstone, however. Image above: Sharp ridges of erosion-resistant, Silurian-aged Tuscarora Sandstone exposed at Seneca Rocks, West Virginia. , 2nd ed. The common rocks and minerals of West Virginia are: geode, silicified coral, chert, petrified wood, opal, gold, quartz, celestite, Fossil brachiopods can be found in the Paleozoic rocks of Virginia's Valley and Ridge Province. R. Rockhounds in Virginia will be delighted by the huge variety of rocks and minerals they can find here. 1961, Utilization of rock materials in Lower Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Virginia Minerals, v. It has gorgeous pictures and nice descriptions of hundreds of rocks and minerals. Rock, Mineral and Fossil Mesozoic basins in Virginia, including exposed and inferred onshore basins, and the offshore area adjacent to Virginia. 00 Model Number: 1302: from the collection of R. Two rock types that contain significant amounts of epidote are epidosite and unakite. From the majestic mountains to the charming coastal regions, it’s a geological playground brimming with a kaleidoscope of rocks, minerals, and gems that’ll leave you in awe. Experiment Rocks and Minerals Found in Virginia. Don Dalton has donated hundreds of beautiful minerals to the Museum, as well as purchasing minerals to enhance the collection and display of Virginia minerals. 4, p. Rocks at DMR Educational Rock and Mineral Garden Watson, T. A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic substance, with a characteristic internal arrangement of atoms. Rocks at DMR Educational Rock and Mineral Garden; Lovingston – Dr. New Creek is named after the creek that runs through the area, which was a popular spot for gold panning in the 19th century. S. Over time, the minerals and the rocks react, creating this incredible green crystal. In Virginia, the primary ores of manganese (pyrolusite, cryptomelane, psilomelane, manganite) occur in residual and replacement deposits, and supergene enrichments associated with chemical weathering mineral systems (Table 2). Author Albert Dickas has picked 50 of the best sites in Virginia for discussing the enormous variety of rocks, minerals, and landforms created over the course of the states more than 1 billion years of geologic history. Virginia Minerals, v. Cobalt Geology . Watson's 1907 Mineral resources of Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 175, [CD-ROM; 2003, September 1]. L. Michelle Stanislaus and her classmates from their Historical Geology class and Government class ran the petition for this law starting … Since Virginia is near the center, friction against other plates is minimal here - that's the main reason Virginias feel so few earthquakes. Minerals are important because they are the … Sep 20, 2023 · Topics covered on this page: Overview; Cretaceous; Paleogene and Neogene; Quaternary; Meteorite impacts; Resources. If you got the chance to explore here, below are some of the amazing finds you can uncover: Rare rocks and minerals found in West Virginia. Charlottesville – DGMR Educational Rock and Mineral Garden. Covers everything from what rocks or minerals are, how they are classified to how to start a collection. The mineral chromite (Fe 2+ Cr 2 O 4) is the most important ore of chromium and commonly occurs in igneous and sedimentary rocks. Pick up a Virginia field guide to rocks and minerals to identify the variants. Keith Frye Memorial Rock Exhibit. 0 Generic license; image cropped and resized May 7, 2024 · With its vibrant green color and beautiful patterns, malachite is definitely a head-turner! It’s born when water rich with minerals like copper flows over rocks. Classification of Metamorphic Rocks (Part 4) Composition • Common minerals in metamorphic rocks include quartz, feldspar, mica, calcite, and hornblende. V. Jul 1, 2016 · Rock Shop online. A generalized introduction to geology (minerals, rocks, fossils, landforms, layered and deformed rock, economic and environmental geology, stratigraphy and geologic Apr 25, 2019 · Talc is a foliated mineral and associated with metamorphic rocks. Rocks are combinations of minerals, and minerals are combinations of chemical elements. org operating. Lead deposits in the Shady Dolomite in southern Wythe County (Austinville - Ivanhoe District) produced lead from the 1750s to 1981. Mineral (n. It occurs in highly deformed Precambrian rift rocks that were thrust westward onto the margin of North America during the Taconic Orogeny. Many rocks and minerals have gold in them, but often it’s only a tiny amount that’s not easy to get out. 3 & 4 EOCENE IGNEOUS ROCKS NEAR MONTEREY, VIRGINIA: A FIELD STUDY1 The igneous rocks of Highland County, Virginia have fascinated geologists for over Virginia rockhounding maps to hunt for crystals, gemstones, minerals, and ores. Rocks in Keith Frye Memorial Rock Exhibit; Event Jan 12, 2024 · It has a rich history of mining and mineral exploration, dating back to the mid-1800s. As these rocks weather, they form a residual clay in which original minerals break down, erode away, or are chemically altered. Many of the highest peaks in Shenandoah National Park (including Hawksbill, Stony Man, and Hightop Mountain, just to name a few) are underlain by distinctive bluish-green rocks that were once ancient lava flows (Virginia is for Lavas!), and are part of a geologic unit known as the Catoctin Formation. Feb 1, 2019 · Author Albert Dickas has picked 50 of the best sites in Virginia for discussing the enormous variety of rocks, minerals, and landforms created over the course of the states more than 1 billion years of geologic history. R. 1. The only drawback to a book like this is that it can sometimes be difficult to sift through to find a rock that matches yours. 1-7. This element is found in highest concentrations when incorporated into minerals (pentlandite and linnaeite) as magma or lava cools to form igneous rocks such as dunite, serpentinite, and basalt. Rare Rocks Found in Virginia. Smithsonian Handbooks: Rocks & Minerals – This book is the most useful I have found for help in identifying rocks and minerals. Igneous rocks. Metamorphic rocks. In southern Virginia, the Blue Ridge forms a broad plateau-like upland that rises over 500 … Berquist, C. The Mindat Fellows program is a way for you to help ensure the long-term survival of mindat. For thousands of years, malachite’s worth has been recognized for many reasons. Talc can be found in talc schist at: George Washington Memorial Parkway, District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia [Geodiversity Atlas] May 5, 2024 · Even though West Virginia isn’t as popular as its sister state Virginia, it still possesses some interesting rocks and minerals. Kyanite is one of the stranger minerals out there. Some of the famous localities in Virginia, such Updated from Rocks and Minerals, Vol. Amethyst; Garnet; Amazonite; Epidote; Sodalite; Kyanite Crystals, mineral specimens, art jewelry; Jewelers and wire wrappers who can design, remount and set stones and make repairs; Display of Virginia rocks and minerals, lapidary arts demonstrations and geode cutting by the two Gem and Mineral societies of the area; Gemologist available for on-site appraisals; SHOW HOURS: Friday – Noon to 6pm Leaders of states in the U. The educational display will contribute to the understanding of the geology and rock types found throughout the Commonwealth. Rocks can also be composed of solid organic matter, coal is an example. DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY Richmond, Virginia Minerals irginia Published by VirginiaDivision of Mineral Resources Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 VOL. Virginia Agates come in various colors, such as gray, red The enactment of mineral mine safety and reclamation laws indicated that state law-makers recognized the mineral mining industry's contributions to Virginia's standard of living. L. Graphite has been utilized by humans since Neolithic times. The idea for the garden came from a casual remark; that remark has grown to a 43,312-pound reality. Virginia is mostly known for its Amethyst gemstones, but it is abundant in other minerals and rocks as well. Rocks at DMR Educational Rock and Mineral Garden Bauxite forms in areas of intense weathering of aluminum-containing rocks, such as igneous or metamorphic rocks that are rich in feldspar. Virginia though For example, quartz is a mineral as is copper. The most commonly found and collected rocks and minerals in Montana are: The major source of information in this Virginia index was Minerals of Virginia (1970) by R. Virginia is for Lavas- The Catoctin Formation. Named Kayentapus, the tracks are the largest meat-eating dinosaur tracks found in Virginia so far. 600 incredible photos, precise annotations and detailed descriptions - from the distinguishing features of rocks to which crystal system a mineral belongs to - will help you identify different rocks and minerals quickly and easily. Collecting On Your Own In Virginia. Gems: Gems are especially fine ("gem quality") mineral specimens that have few flaws in their internal structure and exhibit superior color. The physiographic and geologic provinces provide us a way to define areas within our state based on landforms and mineral resources. These high In 2008, DGMR received by donation from the University of Virginia (UVA) a large collection of rock, mineral, and fossil specimens that was at risk of imminent disposal or dispersal due to the lack of adequate storage facilities. 60, No. (available as Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, 2003, Digital reprint of T. Rockhounding in Albemarle County, Virginia; Earth Science / Geology; Rock Gardens and Displays. Locations where these rocks can be found are rare, but at those locations significant amounts of these rocks can be present. The mineral, gadolinite, contained the first identified rare earth element, yttrium. Bland, Jr. ) – an inorganic, naturally-occurring crystalline solid with a definite, but not necessarily fixed, chemical composition and crystal structure. 00, Item #387 ISBN 978-0-87842-688-1 . In 2017, minerals from Don’s donations were used to build a new “Mineral Resources of Virginia” exhibit at the Museum, updating the previous Minerals of Virginia exhibit. Over a billion years of dynamic events have shaped the landscape we see today and influenced other aspects of Virginia's natural and cultural history. Rocks and Minerals Found in Virginia. Jan 11, 2024 · Let’s go on a trip to the beautiful state of North Carolina, where the world’s best-kept secrets are waiting to dazzle us. Sweet, P. Swaby, Mark D. Minerals are important because they are the … Year of last production in Virginia: 1947 Location of last production in Virginia: Spotsylvania County Total cumulative production in Virginia: more than 98,600 troy ounces Current annual production in Virginia: none Abandoned Mineral Mine Lands in Virginia Gold In Virginia Fact Sheet A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals, or a body of undifferentiated mineral matter. com. It covers more of Earth's surface than any other rock. Epidote is a rock-forming mineral. Rocks: Minerals combine to form rocks like granite, basalt, and sandstone. Found in the Some American states have made a state mineral, rock, stone or gemstone Not every state has an official state mineral, rock, stone and/or gemstone, however. However, it is pretty poor in comparison to other states. Mindat Fellows 2024. Virginia boasts diverse rockhounding opportunities, with popular locations such as the Morefield Mine, known for its amazonite and other minerals, and the James River area, where you can find a variety of fossils. The Blue Ridge geologic province is a distinctive highland region that also exposes Virginia’s oldest rocks. C. The Virginia Mineral Project What is the Virginia Mineral Project (VMP)? The Virginia Mineral Project is a statewide research initiative tasked with recording and preserving the mineral and mining heritage of the Commonwealth. Celestite Rockhounding is the activity of collecting minerals, rocks, crystals, and gemstones from various places. Desirable rocks that are abundant in the United States include the ultramafic rocks, dunite, peridotite, serpentinite, and the mafic rock basalt (Blondes and others, 2019). Gold prospecting and panning in Virginia is awesome, as you have plenty of locations to try out your luck. Feb 1, 2024 · The Gold-Bearing Rocks and Minerals You Should Know. Upchurch, M. Current Work: Virginia Energy is collaborating with Virginia Tech and conducting a carbon mineralization and metal extraction (CMME) study. Rock: An aggregate of one or more minerals, or a concentrated mass of stony material. Rocks in Keith Frye Memorial Rock Exhibit; Event The geologic provinces are defined by the geographic distribution of the rocks and minerals found there. Rocks, Minerals and Fossils. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock consisting of sand grains (often made of quartz), bounded together by silica, iron oxide, or calcite. When compared to most of its neighboring states, West Virginia doesn’t contains quite the variety of interesting rocks and minerals that you might hope for. , 1988, Clay material testing program, 1957-1986: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 076, 46 p. These are some of the rocks and minerals that contain gold: Quartz West Virginia rockhounding maps to hunt for crystals, gemstones, minerals, and ores. V. , 2010, Heavy mineral analyses of four samples, Virginia Coastal Plain (October 2010): Virginia Division of Geology and Mineral Resources, unpublished economic report. Virginia has experienced a long and complex geologic history. Uses of Graphite. Granite Jan 12, 2024 · As you explore West Virginia’s rugged terrain and winding rivers, you’ll stumble upon a diverse range of rocks and minerals that have been hiding beneath the surface for millions of years. The Virginia Living Museum exhibits a trackway left nearly 210 million years ago in what was a vast swampy plain near Culpeper, Virginia. Common rocks include granite, basalt, limestone, and sandstone. Field Collecting. Some of the most worth-noting minerals that you can find in West Virginia are diamonds, gold, fluorite, and epidotes. . S. The initiative for this project was led by students from Piedmont Virginia Community College. Geology. Photograph by Ethan Gruber (Flickr; Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2. Learn more: Collecting Rocks USGS National Geologic Map Database (rock/geology maps) USGS Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data (mineral resources data/maps) Jan 12, 2024 · The region boasts various rocks, including metamorphic formations and quartz-rich deposits, allowing amethysts to flourish. Baetcke, 51 pages, 9 plates, 1961. , 10 x 6 x 1. This publication contains descriptions of minerals and rocks found in Virginia and physical tests and illustrations that may be used to make rock and mineral identifications. by G. Rock And Mineral Societies. The geology of Virginia has prescribed certain areas as better for agricluture. The company mines kyanite-bearing quartzites associated with felsic and mafic volcanic rocks of the Chopawamsic Formation in the central Virginia Piedmont region Virginia has a wide variety of rock types. Page snapshot: West Virginia State Geologic Map; Fossil; Rock; Mineral; Gem; Highest and Lowest Elevations; Places to Visit; and Additional Resources. 13-18. Nelsonite is an igneous rock primarily constituted of ilmenite and apatite, with anatase, chlorite, phosphosiderite, talc and/or wavellite appearing as minor components. Aug 1, 2016 · On July 1, 2016, Governor Terry McCauliffe signed a bill into law that made nelsonite the first official state rock of Virginia. Although many sources were used, only those references used repeatedly are in the list of references at the end of the index. The majority of the mineral found in the state is found in Amelia County, and especially from the Morefield Mine which is sometimes open to the public. Sep 2, 2021 · Common Minerals You Can Find in Virginia. Ninety-seven of these drill holes encountered Mesozoic-age rocks. Rocks and Minerals Found in West Virginia. 7, n. which have significant mineral deposits often create a state mineral, rock, stone or gemstone to promote interest in their natural resources, history, tourism, etc. In 1787 an amateur geologist found a strange looking mineral in a Swedish quarry. Nonfuel Mineral Commodity Production in Virginia 1,2,3; Mineral Commodity Units 2018 Qty 2018 Value (1000 $) 2019 Qty 2019 Value (1000 $) Kyanite: metric tons: 89,200 Geology and Mineral Resources provides geologic, energy, and mineral resource information to its customers. You can find gold in Virginia in the southwestern parts of Buckingham County, Fairfax County, Fluvanna County, Spotsylvania County, Louisa County, or Goochland County, among many other places. • It is most common in the carbonate rocks of the Valley and Ridge. You will be delighted to know that Virginia has a huge variety of rocks and minerals found across the state. Basalt is volcanic rock, the original rock of Earth's crust. 602-571-9287 Virginia Rocks and Minerals. Their report includes information from 227 hydrocarbon exploration wells, water wells, and other exploration holes that were drilled prior to 1989. The VMP produces lectures, documents, and assists the public with questions and information regarding Virginia mineral deposits. The VMP hosts regular lectures […] Table 2: Prospective manganese mineral systems, deposit types (Hofstra and Kreiner, 2020), and geologic provinces in Virginia. Studio #13 Location (brick & mortar) Rockhound Info. Graphite is considered a "critical mineral" in domestic metallurgical applications that serve aerospace, defense, energy, electronics, telecommunications, and transportation technologies (Fortier and others, 2018). 32, n. Sep 4, 2021 · 12 Rocks & Minerals That Glow Under UV Light & Black Light. The minerals on this site are presented for reference purposes only. 1, p. Igneous Rocks (Part 1) Igneous rocks in Virginia are found mostly in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge. It is an alteration product from the metamorphism of minerals such as serpentine, pyroxene and amphibole. 5-inch Please click here to learn how you can help us to keep mindat. "Few" is more than zero, of course. Feb 25, 2022 · The silicate mineral olivine, concentrated in the ultramafic igneous rocks dunite and peridotite, is present throughout the Blue Ridge from Virginia to Alabama. 375, paperback $18. • Index minerals in metamorphic rocks indicate how much the original rock was metamorphosed, called the grade of metamorphism. F. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, 1993, Geologic Map of Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, scale 1:500,000. In some cases, the gold is so small that you can’t see it, but it’s still there. , 1907, Mineral Resources of Virginia: Lynchburg, Virginia, Jamestown Exposition Commission, 618 p. Apr 29, 2014 · Rocks are natural solids composed of minerals. 68-69. West Virginia offers unique rockhounding experiences, with popular sites like the Spruce Knob area, where you can find beautiful quartz crystals, and the Nuttall Sandstone Formation, known for its plant fossils. Uses of Rare Earth Elements. J. Jun 20, 2022 · It’s even the unofficial state mineral of Virginia! That’s led to it being a mineral that’s highly sought-after by collectors. Dietrich, 8 x 10-inch soft cover book, 213 pages with numerous photographs, tables and an 8 x 11-inch fold-out generalized geologic map of Virginia, 1970 (reprint 1990). , 1987, Minerals in high-level gravel deposits along the fall zone of Virginia : Virginia Division of Mineral Resources, Virginia Minerals Vol 33, No The Northern Virginia Mineral Club promotes, educates and encourages interest in geology, mineralogy, lapidary arts and related sciences. This information is available for free download or for purchase in the form of physical geologic maps, geologic reports, and digital data. Epidote in Rocks. Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks can be found within the state. Rocks are equigranular with a grain size around 2 – 3 mm. Including products that are made from natural resources is helpful, too. Cobalt is common in the Earth's crust, bound with other elements to form a variety of minerals. Jun 4, 2024 · Common Rocks and Minerals Found in West Virginia. West Virginia, nicknamed the “Mountain State,” offers a treasure trove for rockhounds despite not having the same variety as some neighboring states. If you were in Northern Virginia during the afternoon of August 23, 2011, you felt a 10-20 second rumbling from a 5. It further recognized that, while providing needed resources for development, uncontrolled mining could result in safety and environmental hazards. Virginia is probably most well known for its amethyst and unakite which can be found in relative abundance, particularly in the central part of the state. Still, you can find quite a few worthwhile specimens scattered all throughout the state. What types of rocks and minerals you can find will largely depend on where you are looking, especially considering the sheer size of the state and how varied its surface geology is. Boxed Set of Twenty Rocks and Minerals from Virginia: Out of Stock Your Price: $15. 49 AUGUST/NOVEMBER 2006 NOS. [2] The black ilmenite is slightly magnetic while the whitish apatite is not. Most rocks are grouped into three rock types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic; all three are found in Virginia. It is formed from ancient molten rock that cools quickly when it reaches the surface (called "extrusive type"). Jan 12, 2024 · Virginia is a geological wonderland where rockhounding enthusiasts are in for a treat! From the picturesque Blue Ridge Mountains to the scenic Atlantic coastline, its diverse terrain offers a treasure trove of rocks and minerals. Be gentle when extracting the Agates, as they are delicate and easily break. Selected Virginia Minerals (Part 7) Galena • Galena is found sporadically in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont. Its geology is a mix of sedimentary and igneous rocks, and the area is rich in minerals and crystals. Let’s study all the collectible rocks and minerals of West Virginia in this guide. The society is a member of Eastern Federation of Mineralogical and Lapidary Societies and American Federation of Mineralogical Societies. 8 magnitude earthquake centered near Mineral, Virginia. The Educational Rock and Mineral Garden was designed to display a portion of Virginia's geological variety. Dietrich. Rock Shop online. Its unique geological history has left behind a diverse selection of rocks, minerals, and even fossils waiting to be discovered. Most rocks contain more than one mineral. You can set up a museum exhibit, gallery walk, or stations, and ask students to complete sticky notes with their observations. Credits: Most of the text of this page is derived from "Rocks of the Southeastern US" by Jane A. 2. What Minerals Are Found in West Virginia? West Virginia has a couple of minerals worth looking into. Smith, chapter 2 in The Teacher-Friendly Guide to the Earth Science of the Southeastern U. 3. Examples of rocks are granite, shale, marble, or conglomerate. 2, p. Anorthosite (a variety of gabbro that is composed mainly of calcic plagioclase feldspar and traces of iron-magnesium- aluminum silicate minerals) and nelsonite (a hypabyssal intrusive rock composed mainly of ilmenite and apatite with variable amounts of rutile) are the two main rock types that source titanium in Virginia (Pegau, 1956). Chromium has been found in the western Piedmont of Virginia associated with pegmatites. Ferns Impressions of ferns can be found in Late Paleozoic rocks of the Valley and Ridge Province as well as the Appalachian Plateau, where these fossils are associated with coal beds. The study and practice of lapidary arts is another focus of the club. The Kanawha Rock and Gem Club is the main rockhounding club in West Virginia. To unearth these hidden treasures, you’ll need a rock hammer, chisel, and a pair of safety goggles to stay safe while digging. An overview of Virginia's geology, including it's geologic history, physiology, and resources. Think about ones they might be less familiar with, such as minerals, rocks, and ores, and even different types of plants. dislodge rock or mineral specimens. Carbonate rocks are also common sources of aluminum. Steidtmann, Edward, 1945, Commercial granites and other crystalline rocks of Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Bulletin 64, p. org and for you to proudly show others your support to help encouage others to do the same. Lucas, and Robert M Virginia Department of Energy An official website of the Commonwealth of Virginia Here's how you know An official website Here's how you know by R. Kyanite. ge ov yt bi no nk vy ps sq ds