Sep 20, 2019 · Order XVIII Rule 8. Act No. The Courts should desist from adopting California law places strict limits on the number of discovery requests a party can make. It was noted that it may be a fact that the original of the documents are not available with the parties but at the same time the requirement of Section 63 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (in short the 'Act') is that a document can be received as an evidence under 12. 12 of 2012, Act No. 22 of the Evidence Act reads as under: 22. The existing section shall be renumbered as Section 90(1), and (a) For the words "thirty years" the words "twenty years" shall be substituted, and (b) The following shall be inserted thereafter as a new sub-section (2): (2) Where any such document as is Jul 11, 2019 · Section 74 (2) of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 states that the private documents though made by an individual person but it is kept as records in the public offices are regarded as a public document as stated by the Guwahati High Court in the case of Narattam Das V. 95. INTRODUCTION. 14 of 1972, Act No. Chapter 1 deals with ANALYSIS OF SECTION 4 OF THE INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT. Secondary evidence may be given of the existence, condition or contents of a document in the following cases : (a) When the original is shown or appears to be in the possession or power of the person against whom the document is sought to be proved, or Nov 30, 2023 · The Supreme Court elucidated the essential principles governing the admissibility of secondary evidence under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. 4 (1) In this section, "witness" includes any person who testifies in the course of any proceedings authorized by law. 6 R. As per Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Evidence is defined as a term that means and includes –– 132. 2. Application of this Part. -(1) A print out of any entry in the books of a bank on micro-film, computer, information system, magnetic tape or any other form of mechanical or electronic data retrieval mechanism obtained by a mechanical or other process which in itself ensures the Dec 15, 2021 · Ambiguous documents: Section 93 to 100. Barring the previously mentioned Public documents every other document are private documents. O. 2 of 2007 s. The order in which witness are produced and examined shall be regulated by the law and practice for the time being relating to civil and criminal procedure respectively, and in the absence of any such law, by the discretion of the Court. INSPECTION, PRODUCTION AND EVIDENCE OF DOCUMENTS KEPT BY REGISTRAR [Effective from 1st April, 2014, except reference of word Tribunal in sub-section (2) which is effective from 1st June 2016] (1) Save as otherwise provided elsewhere in this Act, any person may— (a) inspect by electronic means any documents kept by the Registrar in Union of India - Section Section 65 in The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 65. 19 of 2014, Act No. CHAPTER VI-IMPROPER ADMISSION AND REJECTION Jan 4, 2021 · On the contrary if the original document is not available, then it is treated as secondary evidence under Section 63 & 65 of the act. Nov 23, 2023 · Relevant provisions. 64A. It is defined under Section 63 of the Indian Evidence Act. 65. It is considered the best form of evidence. “Document”. These ways include tendering: the original document, which may be physical or digital; Union of India - Section Section 165 in The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 165. Application Evidence Act Chapter 6. In Sakaldeep Rai vs. 3. Section 64 – Proof of documents by primary evidence. 35 of the Evidence Act reads as under: “35. Mar 17, 2024 · The Section 65 (f) of the IEA allows certified copies permitted under the IEA or by any other law in force in India to be treated as secondary evidence. The court, presided over by Justice Abhay S Oka and Justice Sanjay Karol, underscored the established legal position that when a document requiring stamping lacks sufficient stamping, the use of a copy of PART G. where a number In order to raise the presumption under Section 114(g) of the Evidence Act, it was not necessary to follow the procedure of giving a notice for the production of documents under Order XI C. 13 of 1972, Act No. Mar 16, 2018 · The Examination of Witnesses. In the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 1 (hereinafter referred to as “the Code”); provisions pertaining to the production of documents by parties on their own volition are contained in Rule 14 of Order 7 2, Rule 17 of Order 7 3, Rule 1-A of Order 8 4, Rule 1 of Order 13 5, proviso to sub-rule (1) of Rule 4 of Order 18 6 and Rule 27 of Order 41 7. 88. 86. Jun 1, 2021 · Besides the powers of the court under Sec. 19 of 1985, Act No. The main provisions of the Code with regard to the production of documents by the parties are as follows:— (a) Production of documents and list alongwith plaint and written statement on final hearing: - According to Order VII, Rule Jan 1, 2006 · Uttar Pradesh. 1, 2024) you may ask each party only 35 questions total, whether they are form interrogatories, special interrogatories, requests for admission, or requests for production. where a document is executed in counterpart, each counterpart being executed by one or some of the parties only, each counterpart is primary evidence as against the parties executing it; 3. It consists of documents other than the original like the copy or others, as enlisted in Section 63. Admission of a document in evidence is not to be confused with proof of a Oct 8, 2021 · By virtue of Sec. 175. ] CHAPTER I – PRELIMINARY 1. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference See full list on repository. - The following amendments have been made in Section 90 and a new Section 90-A has been added vide U. Where in any proceedings a statement in a document is admissible in evidence by virtue of section 32(1), it may be proved by the production of that document or (whether or not that document is still in existence) by the production of a copy of that document, or of the material part of it, authenticated in a manner approved by the court. 66. 174. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. 3. Interpretation and savings. Evidence as to the interpretation of documents. Jan 27, 2021 · Both Sections 65A and 65B were inserted through the Indian Evidence (Amendment) Act, 2000, and form part of Chapter V of the Evidence Act, which deals with documentary evidence. Aug 6, 2020 · The difficulty in obtaining a document can be overcome by various statutory provisions: (i) Section 165 of the Act empowers a Judge to order production of any document or thing in order to discover or obtain proof of relevant facts; (ii) Order XVI of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 deals with ‘Summoning and Attendance of Witnesses’ and the Under the Evidence Act, the process of presenting evidence is not segmented into stages of admissibility, relevance, and weight. ILLUSTRATION A sues B on an agreement, and gives B notice to produce it. Oct 31, 2022 · A witness summoned to produce a document shall, if it is in his possession or power, bring it to Court, notwithstanding any objection which there may be to its production or to its admissibility. The Court shall presume to be genuine every document purporting to be a certificate, certified copy, or other document, which is by law declared to be admissible as evidence of any particular fact, and which purports to be duly certified by any officer of the Central Government or of a State Jul 28, 2020 · Admissibility of electronic records under the Evidence Act . Apr 19, 2007 · Learned Single Judge held that the documents which were sought to be received and marked as secondary evidence are photo copies. –– “Document” means any matter expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks, or by more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, for the purpose of recording that matter. Ramasubramanian, JJ has held that the certificate required under Section 65B(4) is a condition precedent to the admissibility of evidence by way of electronic record, as correctly 91. The notice of Production of Document to the other party who is in possession of the documents which are supposed to be relevant for the proceeding of the case. 7 of 2007, Act No. Oct 25, 2023 · The evidence/proof of contents of document may be given by proving circumstances for the same or by invoking presumption also. All the other original documents, namely loan documents etc. It consists of the original document that is presented in the court for inspection. XI r. ac. 1. No reason exists to disbelieve the statement of accounts filed by the Plaintiff bank which is duly certified under the Evidence Act, which is as per the provisions of Section 34 of the Evidence Act and Section 4 of the BBE Act. Short title. 3 of 2006, Act No. S. State of Maharashtra, the court ruled that the reliability of evidence must be established prior to its admission, particularly in light of new technologies susceptible to manipulation Apr 15, 2024 · The IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence (the "IBA Rules") define a “document” as “a writing, communication, picture, drawing, program or data of any kind, whether recorded or maintained on paper or by electronic, audio, visual or any other means. –– A witness summoned to produce a document shall, if it is in his possession or power, bring it to Court, notwithstanding any objection which there may be to its production or to its admissibility. 2. 121 CHAPTER 121 EVIDENCE An Act to reform the law relating to evidence in proceedings in courts in Barbados and provide for related matters. 93. Short title This Act may be cited as the Evidence Act. NB: According to section 65 of the Act: 1. * * * 13. Section 196 of the Act is to the effect that a letter marked “without prejudice” made by a party to another where a dispute has occurred as a means of initiating amicable settlement of the dispute; where the offeree rejects the offer and the matter proceeds to Jul 27, 2020 · Admissibility of electronic records under the Evidence Act. The Commonwealth Evidence Act abolished the 'original document rule', which required the production of the original document in writing. Act can be used to prove the existence and genuineness/truth of a document. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to document. Moreover, in RM Malkani v. 92. ” 2 Only documents that already exist can be subjected to requests for document production. When either party Aug 26, 2021 · This project primarily deals with discretionary presumptions with respect to documents under the Indian Evidence Act. When ever the court entertains any doubt, the court may refuse to draw the presumption and directs the party seeking to offer the document in evidence to prove it complying with the normal rules of proof. Interpretation 2. R. The only important condition laid down is that the party should prove that the document is in 103. 87. 176. P. Ravindra Bhat, V. 165 of Evidence Act, the scheme of the Procedural Acts shows that the court has jurisdiction to require the party concerned to prove that document. - (1) In this Act-"business" includes any public utility or undertaking carried on by any city or town council or by any other board or authority established under the provisions of any Act, and any of the activities of the Permanent Secretary for Posts and In England orders are made for the inspection of documents, English Rules Under the Judicature Act (The Annual Practice, 1937) O. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to document may be given. 133. 91. , have been ignored by the Trial Court. PART VI QUESTIONS By ASSESSORS 177. Sec. Public document and Private document. Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. Nov 16, 2021 · At the stage of evidence, the process of producing documents by a party before the court is referred to as 'tendering'. 64. The Court, if it sees fit, may inspect […] Jun 14, 2021 · Section 65B of the IEA, 1872 and evidence admissibility Section 65B(1) of the Evidence Act mentions that any information which is contained in an electronic record be it printed on paper, recorded, stored or copied in either optical or magnetic media, notwithstanding anything contained in the Evidence Act if the conditions mentioned under Section 65B(2) are met, and if it is produced by a Jan 9, 2024 · Indian Evidence Act, 1872: Bharatia Sakshya Act, 2023: Sec. 5 of 2003, Act No. Jan 3, 2019 · Under the right circumstances, the act of production doctrine can be a formidable shield against government compelled disclosure of private documents where the production would lead to the government’s discovery of the existence of documents, the subpoenaed party’s possession of them, or the belief by the witness that the documents are For the purpose of raising a presumption under this section the document must be free from suspicion. The Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA) states that the information contained in an electronic record which is printed or copied as computer output would be treated as a document without further proof or production of the original, if the output satisfies some stipulations stated below. . As will be seen, the doctrine may offer protections even when the act of production has been statutorily immunized under 18 U. Commenced on 1 July 1967 [This is the version of this document at 30 November 2019. Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (‘Act’ for short) defines the term ‘document’ as any matter expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks, or by more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, for the purpose of recording that matter. r. Mar 13, 2020 · Section 165 of Evidence Act, 1872 and Section 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure It is true to state that Section 162 of Criminal Procedure Code imposes a ban on the use of statements of witnesses recorded during police investigation but under Section 165, a court has the right to use the statement made by the witnesses during the investigation. If the original document is available, it has to be produced and proved in the manner prescribed for primary evidence. 114, Evd. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 was amended by manifestation of Section 92 of Information Technology Act, 2000 (Before the amendment). Oct 25, 2023 · As stated in detail above, besides the powers of the court under Sec. . Production of documents. 19 of 2014. where a document is executed in several parts, each part is primary evidence of the document; 2. Usually, this stage arrives at the final hearing of the suit or proceeding. —DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE . Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts. Giving as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice. , or for the inspection of tangible property or for entry upon land, O. 14 of 1991, Act No. 7 of 1990, Act No. Admissibility of electronic records – (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, any information contained in an electronic record which is printed on a paper, stored, recorded or copied in optical or magnetic media produced by a computer (hereinafter referred to as the computer output) shall be deemed to be Proof of contents of documents. 134. Section 93 to 100 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 lays down provisions for the ambiguous documents. (4) Document must not have been anonymous:- (2) Unless evidence to the contrary is adduced, the court is to presume that any electronic record generated, recorded or stored is authentic if it is established that the electronic record was generated, recorded or stored in the usual and ordinary course of business by a person who was not a party to the proceedings on the occasion in question and who did not generate, record or store it Oct 23, 2018 · The main issue that arose before the Court was whether the appellate court had rightly rejected the application of the petitioner under Section 391 of CrPC. The meaning of the term ambiguous documents is that the documents that are presented before the court are either not clear in their language or when the same is applied to the facts, it creates doubts. 14, et seq. Basheer , it was clarified that as Section 65B begins with a non-obstante clause, if forms a complete code for the admissibility of electronic evidence. When a party refuses to produce a document which he has had notice to produce, he may not afterwards use the document as evidence without the consent of the other party or the order of the court. 114, can be used to prove the existence and genuineness/truth of a document. under S. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. 144 of the Evidence Act, the adverse party may object to giving oral evidence as to contents of the same until such document itself is produced, or until facts have been proved which entitle the party who called the witness to give secondary evidence of it. 165 of Evidence Act, no doubt, the provisions of Order XVI rule 14 (summons to witness to produce documents) and Order XI rule 15 and Order XII rule 8 (notice to the other party to produce documents) provide for production of documents independent of O. 135. E. Electronic Record differs from its printout Nov 2, 2019 · Document. The Evidence Act [CAP. Judge's power to put questions or order production. 2019] 1 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA CHAPTER 6 THE EVIDENCE ACT [PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION] REVISED EDITION 2019 This Edition of the Evidence Act, Chapter 6, has been revised up to and including 30th November, 2019 and is printed under the authority of section 4 of the Laws Revision Act, Chapter 4. 35 78A. 90. By virtue of section 256 (1) (a) of the Evidence Act, 2011, the provisions of the Act are not applicable in arbitral proceedings. ” Therefore the certified copies obtained through the RTI Act can be treated as secondary evidence and can be admitted in court and they can be presumed to be true Sep 18, 2022 · Requirement of certificate under S. 50, r. 58 of Evidence Act and Order XII, Rule 2A Proviso of the CPC and Sec. The judge may,in order to discover or to obtain proper proof of relevant facts, ask any question he pleases, in any form, at any time, of any witness, or of the parties, about anx fact relevant or irrelevant ; and may order the production of any document or thing ; and We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Application. 94. Oct 31, 2022 · Translation of documents: If for such a purpose it is necessary to cause any document to be translated, the Court may, if it thinks fit, direct the translator to keep the contents secret, unless the document is to be given in evidence; and, if the interpreter disobeys such direction, he shall be held to have committed an offence under section Such document is referred to in an evidence due to it hold-ing a substantial value in the facts of the case. 12 and O. Nature of secondary evidence admissible under section 89. This Act may be cited as the Evidence Act. The RTI Act falls within the ambit of "any other law in force in India. It is not established that the original document is available with the accused and as the accused is not legally bound to produce the document, no notice could be issued to the accused under Section 66 of the Indian Evidence Act. Admissibility of electronic evidence. In Anvar v. Under Section 65B(1), notwithstanding anything contained in the Evidence Act, any information contained in an electronic record, which is printed on paper, stored, recorded or copied in optical or magnetic media produced by a computer is deemed to be a document (under the Evidence Act Mar 17, 2018 · PRESUMPTIONS AS TO DOCUMENTS – EVIDENCE ACT 79. 67. Thomas By way of case law examples, this article illustrates how the “act of production doctrine” can (and should) be used as a shield in criminal defense practice. 1 of 2009, Act No. (Para 72) AIROnline 2020 SC 641 Supreme Court Of India Hon’ble Judge(s): R. 173. Md. Power of assessors to put questions. 294 of the CrPC). Proof of documents by secondary evidence. 9 of 2000, Act No. Evidence of terms of judgments, contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to a documentary form. Masadharali (1991) 1 Gau LR 197 (DB) which said that “Public Documents are those documents, which are required to be kept We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Proof that bank has made returns or been duly licensed. Rules as to notice to produce. Documents must be proved by primary evidence except in the cases hereinafter mentioned. (2) A witness must not be excused from answering a question or producing a document on the ground that the answer or the document may tend to incriminate the witness or any other person, or may tend to establish his or her liability to a civil proceeding at the Apr 21, 2024 · What the Section 65B states. Act XXIV of 1954: "1. Ravindra Bhat and V. The process and mode of proving third party documents is similar to the one provided for other documents under Sections 61, 64 and 65 of the Evidence Act. in admissible, any statement contained in a document and tending to establish that fact shall, on production of the document, be admissible as evidence of that fact if-Admissibility of certain trade or business or professional records in criminal proceedings (a) the document is, or forms part of, a record relating to any trade or business Feb 14, 2017 · By James G. Secondary evidence may be given of the existence, condition, or contents of a document in the following cases – Mar 12, 2020 · Admissibility of Electronic Evidence under Act Introduction. [1st September, 1994 - Except section 72 and the Third Schedule] PRELIMINARY Citation 1. Although most of the documents (except documents with which the opposite party is confronted) are already on the judicial file, at the stage of evidence, they are formally produced and given an identity by providing a nomenclature by using alphabets and letters. Jan 7, 2019 · In this article, Sourav Bhola of RGNUL discusses Notice of Production of Document Under Order 12 Rule 8 of Civil Procedure Code,1908. Assigning an exhibit number only for identification purposes without admitting it in evidence and without deciding on the question of admissibility and leaving the question open for decision at a later stage, is a procedure neither contemplated under the Evidence Act, nor under the Code of Civil Procedure. 136. Proof of contents of documents. Michigan provides for inspection of damaged property when such damage is the ground of the action. When evidence not brought by the judge in writing for his command in the open Court or recorded automatically in his presence now he shall be bound for the examination of witnesses to make an update of the substance of what each observer expel, and such remainder shall be written and signed by the Judge and will shape some portion of the record. , or to summon the documents under Order XVI C. The Commonwealth Evidence Act permits evidence of the contents of a document to be given in one of a number of alternate ways. 70. Meaning of “document” Section 3 of the Evidence Act, “text” refers to any question that is recorded or represented through methods for documents, estimates, or tests of some material, or by more than one of such methods suggested to be used or that may be used to record Aug 7, 2020 · The difficulty in obtaining a document can be overcome by various statutory provisions: (i) Section 165 of the Act empowers a Judge to order production of any document or thing in order to discover or obtain proof of relevant facts; (ii) Order XVI of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 deals with 'Summoning and Attendance of Witnesses' and the Court The production of 'the document in evidence will, under the second part, be excused where it has been declared to be privileged from disclosure under the Act-for example, where it is the third party's title-deed,1 (this is the present law)-or a confidential communication professionally made between a legal adviser and his client, or the like. Introduction. 2019] The Evidence Act Electronic records Act No. Secondary evidence. Sarjug Rai AIR 1961 Pat 460 the court This Act may be cited as the Evidence Act. Nariman, S. 68. Power of court to put questions or order production. Using as evidence of document production of which was refused. Under Section 65B(1), notwithstanding anything contained in the Evidence Act, any information contained in an electronic record, which is printed on paper, stored, recorded or copied in optical or magnetic media produced by a computer is deemed to be a document (under the Evidence Act May 18, 2020 · CONCEPT OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS UNDER THE INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT, 1872. Section 65 – Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given. 13 L. May 13, 2022 · It is defined under Section 62 of the Indian Evidence Act. ] [Note: This legislation has been thoroughly revised and consolidated under the su Jul 22, 2020 · Kinds of Documents: The Evidence Act favours two sorts of documents viz. Proof of contents of documents (1) A party may adduce evidence of the contents of a document in question by tendering the document in question or by any one or more of the following methods: (a) adducing evidence of an admission made by another party to the proceeding as to the contents of the document in question; (b) tendering a document that: Using as evidence of document production of which was refused on notice 164. Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies. Apr 7, 2023 · Third stage: the documents which are held “proved, not proved or disproved” when the court is called upon to apply its judicial mind by reference to Section 3 5 of the Evidence Act. In a limited civil case (cases less than $25,000, or $35,000 if filed after Jan. So far Public documents, they are depicted and documented U/s. The Court observed that from bare perusal of Section 391 of CrPC, it becomes clear that production of additional evidence can be permitted in case of failure of justice. CHAPTER VI IMPROPER ADMISSION AND REJECTION Extended powers of court for purpose of obtaining proper evidence(1) A judge or magistrate may, in order to discover or to obtain properevidence, ask any question he pleases, in any form, at any time, of any witness,or of the parties about any fact whether or not it is otherwise admissible; and mayorder the production of any document or thing Union of India - Section Section 162 in The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 162. F. Primary evidence. It is not possible to prove an electronic document through oral evidence so the Section 59 of the IEA forbids it. ‘Common course of natural events’, ‘human conduct’ etc. Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document. 74 of the Evidence Act. 69. 89. —(1) Whoever desires any court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability, dependent on the existence of facts which the person asserts, must prove that those facts exist. Section 3 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 was also amended that previously it only included all the documents which were produced for inspection in the 39 [CAP. C. Proof of signature or handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document. 65B(4) of Evidence Act is mandatory for production of electronic evidence however it is unnecessary when the document itself is produced. Proof of documents by primary evidence. Discretionary presumptions relating to documents are given under Section 86, 87, 88, 90 and 90-A of the Indian Evidence Act. In India, the statutory body that governs evidence is the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Therefore, the Xerox copy of the document cannot be marked under Section 65 of the Indian Mar 7, 2024 · Evidence Act 1995 No 25 [1995-25] New South Wales Status Information Currency of version Current version for 25 November 2022 to date (accessed 26 July 2024 at 23:25) May 22, 2023 · This article discusses the power to summon persons in GST to give evidence and produce documents in the context of GST investigations, including the nature of proceedings, applicability of provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, consequences of failure to attend as per summons, compliance with summons, details available with the department, admissibility of statements, and the presence of Act No. 31, r. Jul 14, 2020 · Supreme Court: In a reference dealing with the interpretation of Section 65B of the Evidence Act, 1872 that deals with admissibility of electronic records, the 3-judge bench of RF Nariman, S. If for such a purpose it is necessary to cause any document to be translated, the Court may, if it thinks fit, direct the translator to keep the contents secret, unless the document is to be given in evidence : and, if the interpreter disobeys such direction, he shall be held to have committed an offence under section 166 of the Indian Penal Jul 18, 2021 · Besides direct evidence and admission, the contents of a document can also be proved by circumstantial evidence or by invoking presumption. 3 This is consistent with the purpose of document Dec 31, 2021 · Oral admissions as to the contents of a document are not relevant unless the party proposing to prove them shows that he is entitled to give secondary evidence of the contents of the document under the rules contained in this Act, or unless the genuineness of a document produced is in question. Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence. 2007 Evidence CAP. 22 of 2022, Act No. Oct 8, 2021 · Besides direct evidence, or admission, the contents of a document can also be proved by circumstantial evidence or by invoking presumption. Privilege. The validity of any such objection shall be decided on by the Court. A witness summoned to produce a document shall, if it is in his possession or power, bring it to Court, notwithstanding any objection which there may be to its production or to its admissibility. (1) This Act shall apply to all judicial proceedings in or before any court other than a Kadhi’s court, but not to proceedings before an arbitrator. PART V QUESTIONS BY ASSESSORS 177. nls. Interpretation-clause. PART VII Production and effect of evidence Of the burden of proof 135. Jan 19, 2024 · Proof of documents by primary evidence: 59: Proof of documents by primary evidence: 65: Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given: 60: Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given: 65A: Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record: 62: Special provisions as to evidence Nov 30, 2023 · Section 63 of the Evidence Act provides a list of the kinds of documents that can be produced as secondary evidence, which is admissible only in the absence of primary evidence. Apr 5, 2022 · Sections 162, 163 and 164 of the Evidence Act, reads as under: 162. Author: Akanksh Deekonda, NLIU-Bhopal. (Sec. Presumption Jan 6, 2024 · Section 65B, Indian Evidence Act: Section 63, Bhartiya Sakshya Act: 65B. Order of production and examination of witness. §§ 6002-6003. Ramasubramanian , JJ SECTION 399. In this Act, Apr 6, 2021 · Thus, every country and its legal system has its own ascertainment as to what constitutes evidence and what does not. 19 of 2023. di md kq sh am fb vf iz yp lb