First watt f4 Listed on 17 Feb, 2025. 2024 Nov 21, 2015 · Alright. The F4 is rated at 50 w/c at 4 ohms. 00 Buy It Now. MEASURES. Ich habe matched Vishay IRFP240 & IRFP9240 MOSFETS für Ihr First Watt F4 Clone, Burning Amp BA-2 oder BA-3 Verstärker Projekt. And a shootout with my stock First Watt J2 should prove interesting. But anyway : Is it possible to buy ALL the parts, needed to build the First Watt F4 and / or the F8 amp. Jul 29, 2024 · BeePre2 is the latest iteration of our highly regarded 300B based premium preamp, with a lower noise floor and even more resolution than the original BeePre. But aside from the F4 needing a line stage of ~ 5 volts to drive it, I wondered if there are current commercially available and/or DIY V-FET amps which may sound better-and also perhaps more like the best 300B Nelson Pass First Watt F4 0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic. Aug 31, 2012 · I was wondering about the potential of my F4 driving a set of MMg's which would be crossed over at 80 hz. If you want balanced, then get two First Watt F4's, wire with parallel inputs and outputs to get 100 watts into 8 ohms. Have a nice Day! See related repair forum topics below. firstwatt. Eingestellt am 23. Mar 28, 2018 · DIY First Watt F4 For sale is my F4 power amp. What’s Best Forum is THE forum for high end audio, product reviews, advice and sharing experiences on the best of everything else. The fact that higher order harmonics are kept low is far more important than Jan 5, 2025 · This is clone of the F4 First Watt amp. Selling only because I have too many amplifiers right now. sept 2008. This was his personal F4 and therefore accordingly built to last and to outperform. The J2 and M2 continue to push the envelope in unique ways. 02v. First Watt began in 1998 as a "Kitchen Table" project by Nelson to create low powered solid state amplifiers for people crazy about subjective sound quality. The often unmentioned thing about this amp is the size of the soundstage. The F4 is a MOSFET source follower power buffer (i. In such a system the F4 is used to drive the bottom end, where it offers superior damping and higher current, and the fl ea watt amplifi er drives the mid and top First Watt的擴大機功率都很小,頂多25W,F4這款就是25W, 但最妙的是,這隻的gain是0dB!電壓完全沒放大!只提供電流。 這,實用嗎? 用在廖老哥的Altec 288+311-90那109dB效率非常實用啊~ 一般前級的輸出最大約7. Page 2 The amplifier is designed for fairly unusual applications: 1) You can drive it directly with a line source such as a preamp. I tried Monarchy SM-70 Pros, Sonic Impact Super-T, and Almarro A205A, and the F4 is easily the best of the bunch. Item #649126794. I built the PSU with higher rail voltage than standard to increase the output power. All the gain of this amplifier comes from the tube stage and it is about 18dB (X8). These two were purchased from Reno HiFi on February 11, 2019 so there is plenty of time left on the 3-year transferrable warranty. I primarily chose the F4 as I wanted to believe what designer Nelson Pass claimed: That the F4 is a chameleon amp; it will take on the sonic signature of whatever line source is driving it. com :roll: . Rails: +/- 24VDC under load. More gain than some of us need or want. In 2011 we introduced our first SIT amplifier using a custom Silicon Carbide (SiC) transistor part made by SemiSouth. Of course with Nelson a transistor man well versed in high-power class A behemoths bad for most backs, his FirstWatt side hustle now part of the main Pass Labs production facilities in Auburn is purely Nov 6, 2023 · First Watt F4 Clone Designed by Nelson Pass. Info: First Watt F4 Asking Price: USD $ 1225. So I have two questions: 1) First Watt amplifiers play nice with very sensitive speakers but can fall apart when playing complex music with lower sensitivity speakers. I heard so many great things about it and it was very inexpensive by high-end standards. Full Member; Posts: 386; Nelson Pass First Watt F4 Re: Nelson Pass First Watt F4 clone « Reply #37 on: 12 Jan 2009, 03:11 am » An aikido preamp would likely work well for driving the F4's, but I'd use a 6SL7 or 12ax7 upfront and keep the cables really short. 2019; both still have many years on the warranty. e. Read the review on 6 Moons. $60 Matched devices for 2 stereo F4 amplifiers. 3A and class A up to 2. Dimensions 250mm x 50mm Mounting holes UMS Heatsink Compatible Number of boards included 2 Layers 2 Board Revision 2. Include preamp and speakers used. Here are the details: F4: - hifi2000 deluxe 5U case 450x400x210 mm. The amplifier is a Class A impedance converting device that operates without feedback and is suitable for high sensitivity loudspeakers. Das Inserat mit der Nummer 7341104138 endet am 08. So here we are in the New Millennium, and thanks to Tom Holman and THX we’ve got lots of gain in our electronics. A great, transparent amplifier. Jul 29, 2024 · I bought the First Watt F4 amp for a nice price from Reno HiFi long before having the requisite speakers I do now. 6 pcs Precision 0. Info: DIY First Watt F4 clone Asking Price: USD $ 900. The F4 is a push-pull current buffer with no voltage gain or feedback, and the F5 is a uniquely high performance push-pull amplifier with feedback. Read 6305 times. I have decided to buy a small Bench Drill and to tap all new holes that match up with the v1 First Watt f4 amp boards. Jun 30, 2024 · 3. The F4 is Class A impedance converting amplifi er, having no voltage gain or feedback. So, the MMG's would not be full range. And Nelson has just released the F5. Niskie napiecie zasilania czyli większy wybór kondensatorów . Hot AC is connected to the "120" (which in my case is the red leads on the primaries) One red primary is connected to AC hot through a thermistor. F4 – www. The F4 is Class A impedance converting amplifier, having no voltage gain or feedback. Its input impedance is 47,000 ohms, and its output impedance is about 0. And, the F4 is such a different amplifier from every single power amp you’ve ever had (and in truth, from any that had ever been sold before…) that I suspect that the attention paid in the manual to how it could be used was significantly more important in Nelson’s mind than including whatever Jun 1, 2023 · Hi at DIY Forum Im new here. sts9fan. This amp delivers +/- 20 volts in single-ended mode, double that in mono. First Watt F4. As the F4 as a mono block does 100 watts, my room's only ~ 2800 cu ft and I'd be only 13 ft away how much input signal voltage could the F4 really need, even to sound it's best under these conditions? THD+N (at 1 Watt into 8 Ohms at 1kHz): 0. Feb 15, 2018 · All four F4 boards full populated including the Power FETs. Aug 20, 2021 · @ajant: Not as many as I would like. anubisgrau. Jul 29, 2024 · Not a particularly helpful comment, but this point of gain and output voltage is a key reason I built F6 instead of F4. Zaloguj się, aby zobaczyć treść (możliwe logowanie za pomocą ) Najmocniejszy z serii F > 25W przy 8R . no gain) that provides 25W Class A in to 8 ohms. 6A) driven from a complementary JFET common Feb 4, 2024 · I have driven the F4 into clipping and it sounds pretty clean until clipping, by which point extended listening will cause deafness. At the end I posted a link on how to check your MOSFETs with a dmm. These will start being available (in sequence) in January and will have very limited availability. The First Watt F4 is a single ended input design. Read 632 times. The Ks lack intrinsic warmth and the F4 didn't really add any. Präzisions 0,1% Matched Vishay IRFP9240 MOSFETs (2 Matched Triplets) MOSFETs Vgs werden bei SOLD - FOR SALE: First Watt F4 Watch Report This Ad. 2 Ohm output impedance. Aug 30, 2007 · En liten oppdatering: Nå har jeg 2 stk First Watt F4 Alle tenkelig konfigurasjoner er mulig: Standard 2x25 watt Bi-Amp 4x25 watt Paralellkoble 2 stk F4, en til hver kanal, fortsatt 2x25 watt men gir 100 watt i 2 ohm Brokoblet via balansert 100 watt pr kanal i 8 ohm Jul 29, 2024 · But his preamp prices are pretty steep, and with the Don Sachs DS2 preamp I think I've spent about as much as I want to for driving the F4 to power my 93db speakers. Look at the connections of the transformer primary, through the thermistors and line cap, to the mains. Just a quick posting with some pics on the First Watt F4 clone I just built. ) My stock First Watt F4 amp in balanced mono mode. FIRST WATT F-4 F4; If you have any question about repairing write your question to the Message board. Sez Jon Ver Halen of Lowther America who's already heard an F4: "Very, very nice amp. Listed on Jul 21, 2024 This Stereos & Home Audio item by ThatcherDIYAudio has 12 favourites from Etsy shoppers. 5V RMS. And there is more to come. Dispatched from United States. 08%. Any opinions, experiences with a First Watt F-4? Nov 9, 2021 · Angeboten wird „FIRST WATT F4“ von Pass als Gebrauchtgerät aus der Kategorie „Transistor-Endverstärker“ bei audio-markt. The SIT-4 is the most recent amplifier produced by First Watt, and is the fourth to use Static Induction Transistors (SIT) as the power amplifying device. Feb 2, 2024 · PAP Trio 15 Coax, Found Music Blade amplifier, Audion SET845 SET amp. - heavy duty 40mm rubber feet for good ventilation - 600VA audio grade toroidy transformer 230 Nov 14, 2024 · First Watt F4, BA2, BA3 MOSFET Kit - Precision 0. Just a bit dusty. 2 Ohms and 220uF bipolar capacitor added to remove DC offset at Edcor input (pin 1) The First Watt SIT-4 Power Amplifier stands as a pinnacle of audio engineering, offering a rare and exquisite blend of vintage technology and modern precision. I am Oltos. It is suitable for driving a high sensitivity loudspeaker with the output voltage of a preamp or other line-level audio source. Then I may also decide to mount the PSU on the inside of the front panel. Feb 6, 2016 · Stuart Yaniger wrote a great article for audioXpress in February 2009, The ImPasse Preamplifier, describing a tube preamp to drive a pair of Nelson Pass’ First Watt F4’s (or other low-to-unity-gain power amplifiers) in balanced mono. Oct 23, 2016 · I am considering a First Watt F4 with 87db 6ohm speakers. Item #649920684. The F4 was the first piece of equipment I bought when I was assembling my new system. Used "First Watt" for sale on 400+ second hand hifi sites & shops. Versand aus USA. As such, it's most assuredly not a classic valve sound. Boards used before and all working without any problem. 5dB and power consumption is 160 watts. All voltage gain must come from the preamp whilst the F4 provides the "muscle", so to speak. I have built 7 of the Nelson Pass DIY amplifier offerings over the years, and am thinning my collection to what works the best with my present system setup. Zrzuty oryginalnych PCB w serwisówce . 6-teilige Präzisions-0,1%-Vishay IRFP240-MOSFETs (2 Matched Triplets) 6 Stk. No nicks, dings, bends. Payment method: Paypal: May 6, 2012 · All, I treated myself to a First Watt M2 and as such am cleaning out the project bin. Before buying this amp, make sure you Looking for a good deal on first watt f4? Explore a wide range of the best first watt f4 on AliExpress to find one that suits you! Besides good quality brands, you’ll also find plenty of discounts when you shop for first watt f4 during big sales. 3, Aris SB8200 With LPS, Asus RT-AC5300 with LPS, Linear Solution switch with LPS, Blue Jeans Cat 6 throughout, Inakustik speaker and interconnects. 3k to remove excess negative DC offset at the output of the amp. Arrives soon! Jul 20, 2013 · The F4 is good to about 20V p-p ~14. 7Vrms,8ohm喇叭功率會是7. Can be bridged to a 100 watt monoblock. de - dem Online-Marktplatz für High-End. Pass nelson pass first watt f4 dual mono bridged Audio-markt €1,750 Jan 27, 2025 Finn First Just how much the F4 already resolved being fronted by Raysonic's mid-priced CD168 and matching 20dB-gain C200 preamp, DeVore Fidelity's revealing Nines at chain's end, I first appreciated during a customary abdominal workout on the listening room floor (multi-tasking in today's cell phone society). Including PSU's and pre-drilled chassis and heatsinks ? Best regards from Mar 27, 2016 · First Watt Clone - The DIY M2 is a class A amp that follows Nelson Pass's design A single F4 will give 25 watts (50 watt peak) per channel into 8 ohms and 40 Nov 6, 2006 · F4 is a buffer, F5 is a current source, both low wattage. My variant of this uses a SemiSouth JFET constant current source feeding Tokin VFET's in a circlotron topology. Class A push-pull power amplifier with no feedback and no voltage gain, only current gain. LM317 regulator. Listed on 17 Feb, 2025 FIRSTWATT F-4 F4 FIRST WATT FIRST-WATT; If you have any question about repairing write your question to the Message board. The calc for peak output depends if your speaker is rated in dB/2. Purchased in Feb. A hint of warmth and great clarity without becoming brittle. It was built a couple years ago and it is lightly used (around 1000 hours). If you have one you would like to sell or know someone who will do let me know. Oct 30, 2013 · Looking to get a F-4. 1% Matched IRFP240 & IRFP9240 MOSFETs - 12 Pieces ThatcherDIYAudio 5 out of 5 stars. F4 manual says the MOSFETs in the first watt product are matched Vgs to 0. Dez. Skrudd sammen av Nelson Pass sjøl, 24. Watt's New? The SIT-4 is the First Watt power amplifier using the industrial grade Static Induction Transistors. 4W, This simple amp offers the best sound in the F line up, up to the F4. I bought both sets when "Tarasque" in the EU did a group buy in 08 or 09 and didn't build the amplifier. Matched Toshiba 2SK370 JFETs (Idss 5. bác nào có hoặc dư cặp này mà không xài xin nhượng lại cho em , em xin cám ơn các pác nhiều :mrgreen: . This pair of F-4 Clone Boards use the same circuit as the Nelson Pass / Firstwatt F-4 model. This is a First Watt F4, a 25 watt per channel amplifier hand built by Nelson Pass himself. Mar 25, 2024 · I have kitted up Matched Vishay IRFP240 & IRFP9240 MOSFETS for yourFirst Watt F4, BA2, BA3 amp project / repair. May 7, 2023 · Chime in with your experiences using any number of Nelson Pass' First Watt amplifiers. 1mA) and Korg Nutube DIY Preamp board - Christmas gift from Nelson, thank you. The F4 is Class A impedance converting amplifier, having no voltage gain or feedback. MOSFETs are manufactured by Vishay, IR, and/or Fairchild. Because it has no voltage gain, it needs a pretty high gain preamp or small power amplifier (like a low power SET amp) feeding it. It has 140,000 uF filtering capacitance and uses Nichicon Gold Tune caps. with an F4 in a setup where the loudspeakers have two separate sets of input terminals, one for the woofer and one for the midrange/tweeter. Feb 5, 2025 · Related to this idea is the flea-watt amp, most often a direct-heated single-ended triode that might make from 2-8 watts before THD exceeds 10%. 83V or dB/W and how honest the speaker manufacturer has been with their rating. F4 was designed by Nelson Pass. Linear power supply in a separate chassis. F6, 7, 8 are higher power versions of the 3, 4, 5 and are monoblocks. Since the Impasse debuted, have you or others implemented any revisions that I should know about? My speakers are at least 94db sensitive, my room is 16 ft x 14 and my ears can’t tolerate average SPLs much beyond ~ 60db-at least not much above the Just how much the F4 already resolved being fronted by Raysonic's mid-priced CD168 and matching 20dB-gain C200 preamp, DeVore Fidelity's revealing Nines at chain's end, I first appreciated during a customary abdominal workout on the listening room floor (multi-tasking in today's cell phone society). May be Aug 11, 2019 · This is the last offering from my once large collection of First Watt amps: the unique F4, or rather, a pair of F4's: each amp operates as a stereo amp but more flexibility is achieved when they are used as mono amps. As long as it's run in mono mode I should get 50 watts SE or 100 watts Balanced. This proposition, for the first time perhaps and already available with the F4 in multiple boxes, really does give "the best of tubes and transistors" as we've been told before so often. DC offset at speaker teminals: +/- 2mV. Galaxy 2U chassis from Hi-Fi 2000. 47 kOhm input, 0. Apr 12, 2023 · En ganske strøken First Watt F4, 240V-utgave. Researched, I have a high gain pre-amp, however not much in the way of reviews. Yaniger’s preamp is truly an elegant design with very, very low distortion, using a 6SN7 to drive a 6922 in balanced mode. 1Hz to 200kHz -0. In such a system the F4 is used to drive the bottom end, where it offers superior damping and higher current, and the flea watt amplifier drives the mid and top I've been on a deep dive over the last couple weeks to build a pair of Nelson Pass First Watt F4 clones. Here’s another one. For those not familar with F4, it is a current buffer. Including the sales are one Power supply Board (PSU size 170mm x 170mm) assembled with 8 Capacitors 27000uF/25V and 4 Capacitors 6800uF/35V and one Softstart Board. All parts and materials are audio grade. They often don't give any data about peak output either. 01. 0 Manual Library / First Watt. So glad that I found this thread where 6A3summer set me straight about 2A3 preamps; post #39. This is THE place where audiophiles and audio companies discuss vintage, contemporary and new audio products, music servers, music streamers, computer audio, digital-to-analog converters, turntables, phono stages, cartridges, reel-to-reel tape machines Showing the single result Predictably, all prior speaker commentary applied to the headphones. They look alike because they all use the same basic chassis and power transformer At First Watt, creativity is the norm to insure that the designer at the helm -- good for far more circuit variations then there's commercial room to exploit -- doesn't get bored. Nov 6, 2023 · NOTES. Pass nelson pass first watt f4 dual mono bridged Audio-markt €1,750 Jan 27, 2025 Finn First Watt F2J (original Nelson Pass) klasse A effektforsterker selges. The ASR folls are not ready to face reality: THD has nothing to do with sound quality. First Watt model F4 Operation and Service Manual Introduction Anyone paying attention is aware that First Watt makes unusual amplifi ers with the emphasis on performance at low power levels. Designed by the legendary Nelson Pass, this amplifier embodies the essence of purity and musicality, setting itself apart from conventional amplifiers in the audiophile market. Summary of Contents for First Watt F4 Page 1 While these are available from most good solid state amplifiers, the F4 also brings depth, imaging, midrange warmth and top end sweetness. Frequency response is 0. Feb 4, 2024 · The manuals were written many, many years apart. 2022 um 15:33 Uhr. I built this as the "mule" before I start swapping out the stocker parts for boutique goodies as well as develop a prettier case option. 15dB into 8-ohm voltage gain, specifically a complementary MOSFET common source output stage (as previously seen in Nelson's Zen Variation 5 DIY circuit, here biased at 1. Stereo Power Amplifier (2007) add a review. Have a nice Day! with an F4 in a setup where the loudspeakers have two separate sets of input terminals, one for the woofer and one for the midrange/tweeter. Jan 14, 2017 · I bought the First Watt F4 amp for a nice price from Reno HiFi long before having the requisite speakers I do now. 2 ohms. Adding the second F4 to the Yamamoto demonstrated how the sand/glass shares of the sound could be shifted. I’m not surprised they are different. The chassis is a 4U 400mm by Modushop (Italy). R7 changed to 52. First Watt F4, BA2, BA3 MOSFET Kit - Precision 0. Dec 25, 2014 · The F4 hybrid amp is based on Nelson Pass’s First Watt F4 unity gain buffer amp and a vacuum tube gain stage (Preamplifier) integrated. The front has 2 large VU meters (lighted) and an anti-vandal push button power switch. Rent salg foretrekkes, kan evt byttes mot et godt godt Dec 29, 2020 · However, considering potential future projects, one maybe being a First Watt F4 clone, I will need a preamp with extra high gain. Enter the F4 follower amp with current -- not voltage -- gain. Volunteer; Posts: 4090; Half Assed Hobbyist » Gallery » Systems; First Watt F4 Ukryta Zawartość Zaloguj się, aby zobaczyć treść. R4 changed to 8. If the site has helped you and you also want to help others, please Upload a manual, circuit diagram or eeprom that is not yet available on the site. Like everything else from First Watt the F4 is a unique amplifier. May 11, 2016 · I have one First Watt F4 amp, so I’d be running it stereo unbalanced to drive my speakers. Payment method: Cash, Paypal, Money Order: Jul 4, 2011 · 记得HEAD-FI那边有推荐FIRST WATT的后级,比如F1之类的推KK的,评级不错。国内也有烧友把玩。但不知道驱动效果如何。有无高手测试过?The F1 is a 10 watt per 高手请进,询问关于FIRST WATT F系列无反馈后级驱动AG K1000的效果 ,耳机俱乐部论坛 Dec 15, 2024 · NOTES. 6b06cebe20a221f26d9dddfa It introduces a few firsts for FirstWatt: feedback*; and a full 50 stereo watts. Dec 17, 2024 · About us. Take a look at the 6moons review or read the manual. In itself the F4 provides zero voltage gain. due to the use of a a Vandersteen subwoofer. First Sound Mark 3 SI Pre, Mojo Audio XCrystal DAC and Mojo Audio Deja Vu Server, STST Motus II TT with Vertere SG1 arm and Aidas Druawood copper, Lino Channel D3. THD+N (at 1 Watt into 8 Ohms at 1kHz): 0. If you have Druids or any other over 100 dB speakers, the F4 is worthy of an audition. And not exactly sure if the reason of my question have been discussed here before. Designed by Nelson Pass. PASS FIRST WATT F4 Audio Graffiti €3,980 132567% Feb 13, 2025 Mercari Japan POWERAMPLIFIER FirstWattF8 Mercari Japan ¥1,500,311 242% Dec 25, 2024 Jun 5, 2017 · For sale is a First Watt F4 clone I have personally built using the recommended signal boards from DIY audio and a generic bipolar power supply board. So I will most likely press buy on these today. 25W (for 8 Ohm speakers), 40W (for 4 Ohm speakers). THD (at 1 Watt into 8 Ohms at 1kHz): 0. First Watt F4 0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic. The simplified circuit shows a DC-coupled 2-stage current source amp with 15. Specifications. Jan 12, 2024 · While I've long used Class AB amps, I have a stock First Watt F4 amp that I may want to use for driving my forthcoming ~ 94db speakers. Power output: 25 watts per channel into 8Ω (stereo) Re: Nelson Pass First Watt F4 clone « Reply #50 on: 5 Apr 2009, 10:56 pm » Don't you use the F5 for the satellite and F4's for the bass on your CS2's, or perhaps I'm mistaken? Anyone paying attention is aware that First Watt makes unusual amplifiers with the emphasis on performance at low power levels. Can be used as a Stereo or in Mono Balanced or Mono Parallel. Aug 16, 2024 · I bought this amp from builder and designer Radu Tarta about 9 months ago . Will ship in original box, with manual. The 300B is the queen of audio triodes, and putting one in your system at line level injects the realism, resolution and body that the Oct 30, 2013 · Ths is the best, and most flexible, First Watt amp I've had--to include the F3, F4, F5, J2, and an Aleph J clone. 25W (for 8 Ohm speakers), 40W (for 4 Ohm This Stereos & Home Audio item by ThatcherDIYAudio has 12 favourites from Etsy shoppers. 1% Matched Vishay IRFP240 MOSFETs. Also, check the f5t build thread. Watch Report This Ad. 1% Matched Vishay IRFP240 & IRFP9240 MOSFETs - 12 Pieces Jeffrey Nov 22, 2023 Item quality Feb 16, 2025 · PASS FIRST WATT F4 Audio Graffiti €3,980 132567% Feb 13, 2025 Audio-markt Pass nelson pass first watt f4 dual mono bridged Audio-markt €1,750 Jan 27, 2025 This manual provides information on the operation and service of the First Watt F4 amplifier. Nov 19, 2022 · FOR SALE: DIY First Watt F4 clone . This Stereos & Home Audio item by ThatcherDIYAudio has 11 favorites from Etsy shoppers. 04%. But unlike the F1 which sharpens the presentation on the leading edge for that super-articulated, rhythmically driven flair, the F4 maintained its supremely relaxed poise to sound subtly sweet and thus borrow bits from the F3. It has 2 large lighted Vu-meters. There are LED’s, NE2H neon Feb 22, 2006 · em định ráp FIRST WATT F4 này lâu rồi mà chưa kiếm ra cặp jfet này nên đành pó tay. Dieser Stereoanlagen und Heimaudio-Artikel von ThatcherDIYAudio wurde 11 Mal von Etsy-Käufer:innen favorisiert. For this no need registration. com Each First Watt piece is a unique design and is “best” in some particular way. May 12, 2008 · Dead quiet at the speaker, and fabulous inner detail. Dec 3, 2013 · Hi Guys I am looking for a First Watt F4 to partner with a high gain tube pre amp. 00. Ships from United States. $40 F4 Boards by Peter Daniel for 1 Stereo F4 $45 F4 May 7, 2023 · I've not owned a First Watt amp to date, though am fortunate enough to have sourced the 15WPC Absolute Audio Labs SIT-A15 power amp. The Notes in red are mine. omynqj ymtptmw diep wrlzkf nujdu gmav licmn lanr yrai twkuo hwnwka devdxj cecnbtbri tbiu oqpg