Qr code attendance project for students PURPOSE The primary purpose of the QR Code Attendance Project, implemented through the fusion of PYTHON and Aug 18, 2018 · Free download Student attendance using qr code project synopsis available. You just have to enter the name of the students in students. The at tendance output is ob tained by excel sheets which can be uploaded for the internals to the university and also sent as mail to the parents . For help getting started with Flutter development, view the online documentation, which offers tutorials, samples, guidance on mobile development, and a full API reference 2 code-based systems. A demonstration of the prototype mobile and web apps was presented, showing the attendance dashboard for a paperless, fast, and proxy-free system. On scanning recording of attendance, the system will generate SMS to notify the parents about the arrival and departure of their children in school. This system allows students to generate their own QR codes by entering their ID This QR Code will be the main key in this project. Here’s how to set up your QR Code attendance system: 1. A system that takes down student's attendance, marks and assignments using QR code. The bulk QR code generator is an exclusive technology from QR TIGER that is offered only to Advanced and Premium users. Hussein, N. This was created at the Covid-19 Pandemic with a strong problem statement - humaidsid Attendance Monitor and Control System (A. X, Y U This module help the faculty can generate QR code and student can scan the QR code. This system also has proxy detection module and like every automated system makes the process fast. Monitoring Progress Reports: QR codes can be personalized for each student linked to their digital portfolio. The students put their attendance with the use of QR code. QR Code Generation: Teachers can generate QR codes for each subject, allowing students to scan them to mark their attendance. It uses QR Code Technology to mark attendance of the class. In a QR code-based attendance system, each student or employee isassigned a unique QR code that they can scan using their mobile devices, and the attendance is automatically recorded in a database. A student's ability to mark attendance for a particular lecture by scanning a QR code. Use a Dynamic QR Code, and you can post it by your door or add it to your syllabus and update the link each week without regenerating the code. They propose to build a system titled Student Attendance Monitoring System using QR Code for their own school, DFCAMLP-IT Campus to check the attendance of students once they enter the school premises and their classes without much hassle and to generat a report having accurate, precise, and reliable data. Free download Student attendance using qr code mini and major PHP project source code. 5, No International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 SJIF (2022): 7. 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT. For More I Was Here is an open-source PHP Student Attendance Management System. A QUICK RESPONSE (QR) CODE BASED STUDENT ATTENDANCE SYSTEM A CASE STUDY OF CAVENDISH UNIVERSITY UGANDA BY CHIRIMWAMI KWILYAM JONATHAN STUDENT ID: 037-937 Email: jkwilyam@gmail. . This project utilizes Node. Figure out your requirements. In other to prevent this problem, it is necessary to develop an Authentication System for Students using QR code. First, download the given source code below and unzip the source code. Jan 23, 2025 · How do teachers create a QR Code attendance system? If you wish to create a QR Code attendance system for your students as a teacher, the best way to do it would be to generate QR Code IDs for each student. S1=Student 1 details The Fastest attendance taking app. By using a QR code to record attendance, organizations can quickly and accurately capture attendance data. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, it is very important to finish the job Sep 20, 2024 · QR Code Scanning: Students can easily mark their attendance by scanning QR codes associated with their classes. Keywords: Course attendance system, QR Codes, Android based, IOS based, Smartphone 1 Introduction It is a well-known fact that virtually all organizations whether educational or com-mercial need to properly record the attendance of its students or employees for effec- A system that is based on a QR code, which is being displayed for students during or at the beginning of each lecture, which the students will need to scan the code in order to confirm their attendance. PHP Student Attendance System, scan QR code to take attendance. Read less Project Issue/Problem to Be Solved: The Smart QR Attendance System (SQRAS) is designed to address inefficiencies in traditional classroom attendance methods, such as manually calling roll at the start of each class. They are used to create qr code, encode and decode the data ,the images path and load them into our program. 1. The app includes role-based authentication, real-time attendance tracking, and data storage using Firestore. Knowing that smartphones are most popular with users at the age around 26, using smartphones to speed up Senior Computer Science Project: Attendance tracking and automation for university lectures with a Web App for instructors and a mobile app for students, which focuses on the student scanning a qr-code to confirm his attendance and features a full management and automation of all things related to attendance tracking and class management. This feature ensures a quick, secure, and efficient way to record attendance. This can be done at any time before the class. Paste in the URL for your form to generate a code. It uses Location Services to check if the student is within the Classroom radius. A. The system supports three roles: Admin, Teacher, and Student, each with distinct functionalities to ensure efficient and secure attendance tracking in educational institutions. Aug 7, 2019 · The QR code is generated for each student to verify his/her identity while taking attendance, and this differs from it in [20], where a QR code was generated for a lecture instead of the student. This is intended for The Professor App can read the QR code and mark the attendance for the student. You will get the following QR Code column Jul 30, 2017 · The suggested system in 2017 consisted of two applications: one for making a QR code using student information, and the other for taking attendance and generating attendance in CSV or XLS format. A system that is based on a QR code, which is displayed for students during the lecture, which eliminates the need for manual recording of attendance and provides real-time updates on attendance, allowing teachers to take necessary actions in case of any irregularities. The project proposes a Jun 21, 2019 · Our System manage attendance by generating QR code which student scan by given app in smart phone for their attendance. In this project, will use the QR code, the proposed attendance . Project Name: Attendance Management System Language/s Used: PHP PHP Version (Recommended): 5. Y = Output of the program. To address these challenges, this project presents a mobile application designed to streamline the attendance recording process using QR code technology. Jul 26, 2021 · A (Face ID & QR code) will be provided for students to take their attendance. Contributions to Jul 13, 2024 · How to set up a QR Code attendance system. The students can then scan the displayed QR code using the system Mobile Module, provided to them through the smartphone market by the university. This project proposes a system that is based on a QR code, which is being displayed for students during or at the beginning of each lecture. StudentQR Points is a system that allows teachers to award merit / marks based on student's positive behavior using QR code on students’ IDs in no time. Student Attendance System Using Fingerprint Technology. This system was developed due to the a few problems being encountered by the university lecturer such as they need update their student’s attendance during the class session. Technologies Used: Android, ksoap2 (for using Web Services in Android), simple framework (for XML Serialization), SOAP Web Service (Backend Service) and My SQL Database. 3, 7. Lecturers generate a unique QR code for one of their subjects with the app. May 10, 2024 · Luckily, you don’t have to deal with manual attendance forms in your classrooms—you can use QR Codes for attendance. Then you just have to run the Attendance. View on GitHub QR Attendance. Simple lang po siya, bawat hello dosto thank you for visiting our video and please subscribe it like the video share the video comment your feedback /for help is This document outlines the table of contents for a project on developing an attendance tracking system using QR codes at Marinduque State College. Select QR4Office and click on Add. May 20, 2021 · This project ‘Multichannel Attendance Management system using QR Code and Location’ focuses on simplifying & solving the problem of manual process of taking attendance. - aditya-gupta-andc/QR-Code-Attendance-App Apr 28, 2021 · Time needed: 5 minutes These are the steps on how to run Student Attendance Management System Project In Python. It uses computer webcam to scan for QR codes, where based on it's authentication and validation algorithm, decides to either record or ignore the decoded data. Mar 4, 2021 · In this study, a new and enhanced attendance monitoring system using QR Code and SMS technology in tracking and monitoring students' attendance for Callang National High School, District 04, San Sep 28, 2023 · STEP 5) TAKE ATTENDANCE. Hasmin, A. It uses QR Code Technology and Location Services to mark attendance fast and Dec 10, 2024 · 3. Feb 12, 2014 · QR code with specific information. NOTE: If you are using python 2 or other older versions you need to install sys, time and os modules The library attendance system project is designed to efficiently track and manage the attendance records of library users. 942 . a QR-Based Attendance project that enables efficient Attendance Management System” is software developed for maintaining the attendance of the student on the daily basis in the college. The study shows that 42% of smartphone users have an average age of 26 years old. 2014;5(3). A new window will appear. Best practices to create a QR Code for attendance. Smart Attendant. The proposed system is a couple of two applications, one for generating the QR Code by entering the student details and second application for taking the attendance and generating the attendance in CSV or XLS format. Sep 22, 2023 · QR Code for Attendance: A QR code can be generated for daily attendance. - GitHub - Xdiad47/QR_College_Student_Attendance_Management_System: It is a web based application. Features Automatic IP Fetching: It fetch your IPv4 address automatically and Generate a QR code based on that IP to enable connections within the classroom. The QR codes are tied to the University attendance and departure system using QR Code - omarreda22/Attendance-and-leaving-system-using-QR-Code The ReadME Project. If those libraries are not installed, then install them firstly. Using this script you can mark attendance using QR Codes. Additionally, a student has access to view Jul 28, 2024 · The primary goal of this project is to automate attendance tracking, enhance administrative efficiency, and improve student engagement. The teacher will need to scan the QR code of the particular student in order to confirm their attendance. Firstly we have to import certain libraries, which are mentioned in the code. System) is an attempt to automate the process of attendance. You can do so by following these best practices: Jan 26, 2019 · Download I Was Here - PHP Attendance System for free. If you do not, you can register for one for free here. It also includes features for QR code generation and student attendance tracking. Attendees can scan a QR code at the beginning of an event or session to check in, and then again at the end to check out. Join us in the world of hassle-free attendance tracking – where using technology is a piece of cake! - fatimasood/Attendance-System-using-Flutter Explore Attendance System – a simple app for keeping track of who's present! An attendance system which generates QR codes dynamically every 'n' seconds to keep the attendance taking secure. Features 💡 Automated Attendance Tracking: Students can log in and register their attendance by scanning a QR code displayed by the professor. For example, another student can easily sign an attendance on behalf of another student. compare to 4-6 months of the manual process. Each student's attendance will be recorded immediately on the online campus management system (OCMS). This will save time and prevent errors compared to manual attendance tracking methods. student will scann QR Student Registration: Seamlessly register your students within CAS to establish attendance records for each class session. Lecturers can see student attendance records for their modules and students can see their own personal attendance. Module students can scan the QR code to check their attendance in classes. During the class, or at its beginning, the instructor displays an encrypted QR code to the students. - vinayakg04/Attendance-using-QR-Code Nov 29, 2024 · The QR code for the Google Form attendance system is an intuitive QR code solution that streamlines your employee, student, or guest tracking. M. I'll guide you through the step-by-step procedure to create attendance using QR code. The system is designed to recognize each QR code’s unique ID, corresponding to the individual student, thus ensuring accuracy and preventing any attendance fraud. In this video we'll look at how to make QR code attendance system. The Office Add-ins window will appear. Its take 4 to 6 mints and no chance of proxy because every app in student smart have unique feature according to student. The QR Code-Based Attendance System is a robust attendance management solution developed using PHP and MySQL. Click on Insert. 'A Students Attendance System Using QR Code', International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. This Android application allows Jul 2, 2024 · A school event attendance monitoring system using QR codes is an advanced method of tracking student attendance during events. Transition from traditional paper and pencil to a seamless digital experience. The system An end-to-end Database focused portal for managing student attendance through QR code scanning. PDF | On Mar 31, 2021, Alfie Muhamad and others published Student's Attendance System Using QR Code | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate It uses QR Code Technology to mark attendance of the class. The teacher/faculty can display the QR Code using classroom projector so that present students can scan and mark their attendance. Set up your check-in system in under 10 minutes. 000030s to recognize a QR Codes in the server. Jun 6, 2023 · QR Code-based attendance system: This capstone project focuses on implementing a QR code-based attendance system, enabling quick and efficient attendance tracking in various settings such as schools or workplaces. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. Free attendance tracker for classes, students, courses, and visitors. C. Jan 24, 2022 · This project presents the development of a QR Code Based Smart Online Student Attendance System using Java with JSP, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for frontend development and MySQL for database management. The system aims to more efficiently and accurately monitor student attendance by automating the process of taking attendance through QR code scans. Available Features: Admin Panel; Member’s Panel; Student Management System; List Units Aug 15, 2021 · The capstone project, “QR Code- based Attendance System with SMS Notification” is a database-driven system that will record and store students’ attendance every day. Dec 31, 2024 · Attendance Management System. The students will need to scan the code in order to Mar 13, 2024 · The QR Code Attendance System is a web-based application built using PHP and MySQL, offering a streamlined solution for tracking student attendance. - divmehar/Attendance-Qr-code technologies, the QR Code Attendance Project stands as a scalable and reliable solution, revolutionizing the way organizations manage and monitor attendance. QR based Attendance System app for students & teachers on Flutter. Fig. A complete attendance system package containing a QR code generator app and a QR code scanner, that can be used in any educational or commercial institution to track and maintain a student/employee attendance record. Using the QR code attendance A QR code-based attendance management system built with Flutter and Firebase. mysql bootstrap jquery php dashboard ajax responsive-layout user-authentication attendance-tracking student-attendance student-attendance-management student-attendance A QR code attendance project typically involves the use of Quick Response (QR) codes to streamline and automate the process of tracking attendance. Every student is provided with a card containing a unique QR code. The main goal of this project is to eliminate the manual process of attendance taking in colleges and universities. Features include user registration, QR code generation, attendance marking, and real-time analytics. In such a system, each participant, whether it be students, employees, or event attendees, is assigned a unique QR code that represents their identity. A QR code-based attendance system that automates the process of marking attendance in Excel by scanning student ID cards. Students just have to scan their cards in front of webcam or smartphones and the system notes down their attendance as per - GitHub - Xdiad47/QR_College_Student_Attendance_Management_System: It is a web based application. Volume 12 Issue 9, September 2023 www. Comprehensive Reporting: Access semestral reports to gain insights into student attendance The QR Code Attendance System is a Python-based project designed to streamline attendance tracking using QR codes. The system will gather and generate accurate reports of the student’s attendance. The bulk QR code generator powers it. QR code-based Attendance system. com Updates: 0. net ance system only needed 0. [3][4] A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that can contain information about the item to which it is attached. Students just scan the code when they enter the classroom, updating their attendance status automatically in the system and saving valuable class time. py file that will trigger your webcam which will be used to scan the codes. The student attendance system using a QR code is a digital technology that aims to improve the process of monitoring and recording attendance in educational institutions. It also shows analytics about attendance trends. Oct 3, 2023 · Student Attendance System: This project implements a student attendance system with features for login, registration, attendance tracking, and modification of previous records. All the data is stor This is a python project, which generates student attendance using QR Code. After that run the code to attend file to itegrate web cam of the device with 2020 9th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO), 2020. Built with MySQL, PHP, JavaScript, HTML and CSS. Our first step is to create a new form in An attendance system which generates QR codes dynamically every 'n' seconds to keep the attendance taking secure. U= {S1,S2,S3,R1,R2,MA} Where S1,S2,S3,R1,R2 are the elements of the set. Jan 1, 2014 · This paper proposes a system that is based on a QR code, which is being displayed for students during or at the beginning of each lecture. Features Input should be QR code. With a focus on simplicity and efficiency, this project offers a comprehensive solution for tracking attendance using QR Codes. Endorsed by major US universities, colleges, and K12 schools. The dashboard provides functionalities for managing users, students, departments, classes, and attendance. I. Download New Real Time Projects :-Click here. It encompasses the following features and technologies: Signup: Allows users to create accounts by entering their details. The QR Code can be used to record attendance and provide an easy way to track attendance university. The professor is responsible for determining the attendance of all students of the group or class. This system has two parts in it. You will get the following QR code window. However,aftertheimplementationofthe A Students Attendance System Using QR Code. Find a program that can turn URLs into QR codes. The overall process will take around 10 seconds to reach parents and project real-time reporting to schools. Insert each student’s QR Code. QR code system is a combination of android applications developed for taking and storing the attendance to the cloud storage. 2 Micro QR Code iQR Code iQR codes can be created in alternative to square or rectangular formations. Turn that link into a QR code. QR codes are unique to each student and can be easily scanned using a smartphone or a dedicated scanner. Students just have to scan their cards in front of webcam or smartphones and the system notes down their attendance as per May 26, 2024 · Step 3: Inserting a QR Code in the Worksheet. Nov 9, 2024 · The QR Code Attendance System using Python Free Code is an innovative web-based tool built with Django to streamline attendance tracking in educational settings. More project with source code related to latest PHP projects here. Go to the Insert tab and select Get Add-ins. This project presents as an QR code-based attendance system which will be using mobile devices to scan QR code in order to achieve the attendance in the class or any events. Keywords – QR Code, attendance, system, professor, student. Featuring NFC and passwordless login, also allows students to take attendance by scanning a QR code. This system leverages QR codes, which are scanned to automatically record attendance. With the simplicity of QR code scanning, it provides a quick and efficient way for teachers and faculty members to mark attendance. This includes considerations such as: The number of attendees; The frequency of events The teacher/faculty can display the QR Code using classroom projector so that present students can scan and mark their attendance. There are two ways to take attendance: The “old school” way, manually check/uncheck each student. (2005). 1. Login: Users can log in using email/password Micro QR code is a smaller version of the QR code standard for applications where symbol size is limited and can hold 35 numeric characters. Actu This is the sample of SQRC(abbreviation given by our Head Panelist) that we have presented for the Final Defense of our Thesis 2. Step 1: Create a form in Google Forms. Figure 2 shows the Micro QR code generated design [8]. We will use the API to create QR codes in our project. Every students or employees will have an identity card that was printed with a QR code. 5 Sep 7, 2022 · In addition, a Smart attendance systembased on QR codes provides high reliability and deliversoutput rapidly. When they scan the QR code, it takes attendance of the particular student or employee. This Android application allows The QR Code-Based Attendance System is a modern solution for efficiently tracking attendance in various educational and organizational settings. Student Registration Phase The Login and Attendance Phase GUI of developed project 3. Download simple learning PHP project source code with diagram and documentations. mysql bootstrap jquery php dashboard ajax responsive-layout user-authentication attendance-tracking student-attendance student-attendance-management student-attendance Jun 6, 2023 · QR Code-based attendance system: This capstone project focuses on implementing a QR code-based attendance system, enabling quick and efficient attendance tracking in various settings such as schools or workplaces. Smartphones are becoming more preferred companions to users than desktops or notebooks. The student can also view attendance and reports sent by the teacher. This system automates the attendance process by generating and scanning QR codes, offering an efficient solution for various educational or organizational settings. To install it, run pip install Pyzbar this command on your terminal. Bachelor’s Thesis. txt file and run the generate. A teacher's module allows them to create QR codes, view and amend student-by-student attendance, compute monthly attendance, and send notifications to individual students. This project allows admins to generate QR codes for courses, and students can scan the codes to mark their attendance. The complete list for features can be found [he… use of the Quick Response (QR) code as a future attendance management system, to track and record student attendance in lectures and exercises for all relevant courses, as an aim of this paper. Deploying attendance QR Codes may be the last step, but ensuring that the QR Code is scannable at all times is essential. com A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF CAVENDISH UNIVERSITY UGANDA APRIL Nov 23, 2020 · Generate a QR code for your form; Print or project your QR code; Attendees/students scan your QR code to check-in; Export your attendance data to Excel; NOTE: This guide requires that you have a Google account. Admins can see a list of all students and lecturers and the attendance of all students. The Nov 21, 2024 · Masalha F, Hirzallah N. Let U be the Set of System. Dec 12, 2022 · QR CODE A QR code (an initialism for quick response code) is a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode)[1][2] invented in 1994 by the Japanese automotive company Denso Wave. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. : The student attendance system using a QR code is a digital technology that aims to improve the process of monitoring and project. js and React to create a seamless and user-friendly attendance management system. This project presents the development of a QR Code Based Smart Online Student Attendance System using Java with JSP, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for frontend development and MySQL for database management. This project is an Admin Dashboard for a university system, developed using PHP and Bootstrap. First, determine your needs. - Lokesh0531/QR-Code-Based-Attendance-System This is one of my project's in Java-Python Developement field which i have created,basically Java and Python Based Student Security Attendance System called Staysafe Security System that uses the property of Real-Time Face Recognition as well as QR Based Attendence Punching by the students. In modern educational settings, managing student attendance manually can be a tedious and error-prone task. A system that takes down Students attendance using QR code. Thanks to tools like QR Code Generator PRO, using QR Codes to track attendance has never been easier. All the data is stored in Firebase and is synced in Realtime. QR Code Generation: Generate unique QR codes for each class session, allowing students to easily scan and record their attendance. Topics Senior Computer Science Project: Attendance tracking and automation for university lectures with a Web App for instructors and a mobile app for students, which focuses on the student scanning a qr-code to confirm his attendance and features a full management and automation of all things related to attendance tracking and class management Jun 4, 2019 · The proposed solution uses a Neptune app to generate QR codes for each student, an on-premises scanner to record attendances, and Azure cloud storage. Among these, QR code-based attendance systems have gained popularity due totheir simplicity, affordability, and ease of use. This project enhanced skills in Java, database management, and GUI design. Student Attendance System Using QR Code (SASYS) is proposed to help lecturer to collect the student’s attendance in a systematic way. 6. Teacher just have to scan the student cards in front of webcam and the system notes down their This project leverages the capabilities of QR code technology to automate the attendance process, allowing students to mark their presence quickly and efficiently by scanning unique QR codes generated for each individual. An attendance system which generates QR codes dynamically every 'n' seconds to keep the attendance taking secure. (Anh, 2016) The proposed solution offers a QR code for the students to scan it to take attendant. Thank You! Dec 8, 2020 · Each faculty member gives students a QR code to scan for evidence of attendance at each introduction to the development of QR Code Attendance System project. This system also has proxy detection module and like every automated system Jan 2, 2017 · A smart QR Code Attendance System where students can register their attendance through their Assigned QR Codes. Google Forms has an add-on you can install to do this, or you can search for “free QR code generator” to find a program online. Welcome to the QR Code Based Smart Attendance System project! 🚀 This project aims to streamline attendance tracking in educational institutions by leveraging QR codes. A students attendance system using QR code. Jan 17, 2025 · Can you use a QR Code to track Attendance? Yes, QR codes can be used to track attendance. They’re easy to scan, and you can integrate them with attendance tracking tools. Proper generated QR code and scan QR code match then mark the student attendance. = INTRO = I Was Here is an open-source PHP Student Attendance Management System. In the conclusion, it is possible to develop a system that records student data attendance using QR codes and the online campus management system (OCMS). Show a QR code during class – Students will log into the system and scan the QR code. GUI of Students section Android-based Quick Response (QR) Code Attendance Aug 28, 2024 · By upgrading to dynamic QR Codes, you switch to digitized attendance and overcome the limits of a free attendance QR Code. 4. 12 Database: MySQL Type: Web Application Developer: updategadh. This computerized system is using a camera as the QR code reader, because it is based on computer vision technology. Core features of the QR code student attendance system will focus on time- in/out for attendance, student information encoding, QR code generation, and scanning reports generation, and database backup. py file, which will generate QR code for all the mentioned students. Every student is provided with a card containing a unique ID. (2008). Welcome to the QR Code Attendance System project! This open-source system utilizes computer vision, Python, and web technologies to streamline the process of taking attendance. Advantages of QR Code Based Attendance System: Provide better In modern educational settings, managing student attendance manually can be a tedious and error-prone task. Using the same system it can be used in Library Management System and Mid-D This QR code attendance system operates on a straightforward principle; students flash their cards before a webcam, which scans the QR code and registers their attendance for the day. Student Section For students section GUI ; Figure 5. Dec 14, 2024 · Model teachers can create QR codes, check and change student attendance, count monthly attendance, and send notifications to students. Click on Continue. The students will point their card at a unique QR Code displayed on the library screen. This system is designed with Colleges in mind but it can also be used for Workplaces . Manage code changes the easy maintenance of the daily attendance records of students or employees. ijsr. The system will use the QR code to scan the barcode and it will get attendance of the student. Each QR Code ID will link to a pre-filled Google Form that will automatically record attendance upon scanning. The Fastest attendance taking app. Step 1: Download the given source code below. By utilizing QR code technology, it enables users to effortlessly record attendance with precision and efficiency, revolutionizing traditional attendance management methods in educational institutions. Students scan the QR code with the app and record their attendance. xzuj mshe hnharkmp xbc vkpatibsl mwas cbvejqa mxzo fou grqig eveok gekwte fbhnj zvpegf axx